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| a single strand of ribonucleotides transcribed from DNA; only type of RNA that carries protein-building information to the ribosomes |
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| class of RNA that becomes complexed with proteins to form ribosomes; some catalyze assembly of polypeptide chains |
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| one of a class of small RNA molecules that delivers amino acids to a ribosome. its anticodon pairs with a mRNA codon during translation |
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| first stage of protein synthesis. An RNA strand is assembled from nucleotides using a gene region in DNA as a template |
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| second stage of protein synthesis. at ribosomes, information encoded in an mRNA transcript guides the synthesis of a new polypeptide chain from amino acids |
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| one of the four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotide monomers of RNA; also applies to a nucleotide with a uracil base component. like thymine, uracil pairs with adenine (mRNA) |
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| enzyme that catalyzes transcription of DNA into RNA |
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| short stretch of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds. Transcription then begins at the gene closest to the promoter |
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| one of the noncoding sequences in eukaryotic genes; it is excised from the pre-mRNA transcripts before tanslation |
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| base sequence in eukaryotic DNA that is part or all of a protein-encoding gene; may or may not be excised from pre-mRNA during transcript processing |
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| event by which the same gene can specify two or more slightly different proteins. All exons in a pre-mRNA transcript of the gene are retained or some are removed and the rest spliced in various combinations for the mature transcript. |
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| a basic triplet; a linear sequence of three nucleotides in a mRNA transcript; a code for amino acid or a termination signal that gets translated during the protein synthesis. |
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| correspondence between triplets of nucleotides in DNA and mRNA, and specific sequences of amino acidsin a polypeptide chain; near-universial language of protein synthesis; mitochondria and a few species have a few variant code words. |
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| series of three nucleotide bases in tRNA that can base-pair with mRNA codons. |
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| small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene; can result in an altered protein product. |
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| mutation in which one nucleotide is wrongly substituted for another DNA replication. |
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| a mutation by which one or more bases are introduced into a DNA strand. Also a movable attachment of muscle to bone. |
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| Loss of a chromosome segment; often leads to genetic disorders. Also the loss of one or more nucleotide bases from a DNA molecule. |
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| Transposable element. A stretch of DNA that jumps spontaneously and randomly to a different location in the genome and may mutate a gene. |
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| form of radiation with enough energy to eject electrons from atoms |
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Definition
| form of radiation that carries enough energy to boost electrons to higher energy levels but no enough to eject them from an atom |
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