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| A partnership that benefits both or does no harm to both partners |
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A vegatative body in which a fungus and one or more photosynthetic organisms live together in mutual dependency
Ex: Cyanobacteria |
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| Heterotroph that extracts energy and carbon from nonliving organic matter and so causes its decay |
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| Organism that withdraws nutrients from a living host, which it usually does not kill outright |
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| Underground mesh of tiny, branching filaments; the food-absorbing portion of most fungi |
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| Fungal filament having chitin-reinforced walls; component of a mycelium |
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| A flagellated intracellular parasite of a fungal group, the microsporidians |
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| Intracellular fungal parasite of aquatic habitats that forms flagellated spores; belongs to one of the most ancient eukaryotic lineages |
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| Type of parasitic or saprobic fungus in which diploid zygotes develop into zygospores, a type of thick-walled sexual spore in a thin, clear covering |
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Fungus that produces sexual spores in sac-shaped cells
Ex: Truffles |
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| Fungus that produces sexual spores in a club-shaped cell, a basidium |
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| Sexual spore of zygomycetes |
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| Sexual spore of club fungi |
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| Sexual spore of sac fungi |
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| A fungal symbiont in leaves and stems of most plants. Helpful, neutral, or somtimes harmful effects |
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| A form of mutualism between a fungus and young plant roots. |
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| Any multicelled heterotroph that ingests other organisms or their tissues, develops through a series of embryonic stages, and is motile during part or all of the life cycle. Most species have epithelial tissues and extracellular matrixes |
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| Animal tissue covering external and internal body surfaces. A key innovation that favored larger, more complex bodies; cells started interacting as functional units |
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| Most abundant type of animal tissue. Soft connective tissues differ in the amounts and arrangements of fibroblasts, fibers, ground substance |
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| First-formed, outer primary tissue layer of animal embryos; gives rise to nervous tissues and outer layer of the integument |
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| Inner primary tissue layer of animal embryos; source of the inner gut lining and organs derived from it |
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| Primary tissue layers gives rise to many internal organs and part of the integument; pivotal in the evolution of large, complex animals |
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| Slender extension from free surface of certain cells; arrays of many microvilli greatly increase the absorptive of secretory surface area of a cell |
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| Single-celled eukaryote having a microvilli collar around a single flagellum at their anterior end. A sister taxon of animals and fungi |
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| Animal body plan with four or more roughly equivalent parts around an anterior-posterior axis |
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| During the evolution of most kinds of animals, the increasing concentration of sensory structures and nerve cells at the anterior end of the body |
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A bilateral animal of a branching lineage characterized partly by events in embryonic development, as when the first indentation to form on the early embryo's surface becomes a mouth
Ex: Mullusks, annelids, arthropods |
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A bilateral animal of a lineage characterized in part by events of embryonic development, as when the second indentation to appear on the early embryo's surface becomes the mouth
Ex: Echinoderm, chordate |
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| Between the gut and body wall, a cavity lined with peritoneum |
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| Of animal body plans, a series of units that may or may not be similar in appearance. Of tubular organs, an oscillating movement produced by rings of circular muscle in the tube wall |
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| Strucurally, the simplest existing animal. Its asymmetrical body has a spicule-reinforced matrix in two cell layers. Its phagocytic collar cells trap food from water flowing through pores in its wall |
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| An immature stage between the embryo and adult in the life cycle of many animals |
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| One of a diverse collection of tiny multicelled precambrian species having a highly flattened body, sometimes with many unspecialized segments |
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| A fluid-filled, jack-in-the-box capsule housed in one of three types of sensory-effector cells in cnidarians. |
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| Of cnidarians, a gelatinous matrix with scattered cells between the epidermis and gastrodermis; functions as a buoyant, deformable skeleton |
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| Body structure with definite form and function made of more than one tissue |
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| A set of organs that are interacting chemically, physically, or both in a common task |
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| Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) |
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| One of the simplest existing animals with organ systems that form from three primary tissue layers |
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| Organism that withdraws nutrients from a living host, which it usually does not kill outright |
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| A muscular tube. Invertebrate chordates use theirs in filter-feeding and respiration. In land vertebrates, it is the entrance to the esophagus and trachea |
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| Distinct cluster of cell bodies of neurons |
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| One of many tapeworm body units that bud behind the scolex |
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| A bilateral invertebrate having a highly segmented body; major groups are polychaetes, oligochaetes, and leeches. Except in leeches, segments have clusters of chitin-reinforced bristles |
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| Decaying particles of organic matter |
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| Of bilateral animals, a line of communication, usually paired, that runs parallel with the anterior-posterior axis. In large or long invertebrates, it often has one or more large axons. In chordates, it develops as a hollow, neural tube that gives rise to the spinal cord and brain |
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| Of some invertebrates, one of many water-regulating units that help control the composition and volume of tissue fluid |
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| Bilateral, cephalized animal with a false coelom and a crown of cilia |
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| Only invertebrate with a mantle draped over a soft, fleshy visceral mass; most have an external or internal shell |
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| Of mollusks, a tissue draped over the visceral mass. Of Earth, a rocky zone of intermediate density under the crust |
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| A drastic twisting of the body, including the visceral mass, as certain mulluscan embryos develop |
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An external skeleton
Ex: A hardened cuticle |
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| Periodic shedding of worn-out or too-small body structures. Permits an animal to grow in size or renew parts |
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| Major changes in body form of certain animals. Hormonally controlled growth, tissue reorganization, and remodeling of body parts leads to adult form |
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| One of the protostomes; a radial invertebrate with some bilateral features and calcified spines or plates on the body wall |
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| Of echinoderms, a system of tube feet connecting to canals, through which controlled water flow can extend the feet in coordinated ways |
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