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AP Biology
Chapter 34 Neural Control
125
Biology
12th Grade
04/27/2011

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Term
nerve net
Definition
A diffuse network of cells that conducts impulses in all directions from the area stimulated, forming a primitive nervous system in ctenophores, coelenterates, and certain other organisms
Term
ganglion
Definition
A group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord; A center of power, activity, or energy
Term
nerves
Definition
A whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs
Term
cephalization
Definition
The concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in an embryo's development
Term
central nervous system
Definition
The complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
Term
efferent
Definition
Conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied)
Term
motor fiber
Definition
a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands
Term
motor neuron
Definition
A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland
Term
sensory neuron
Definition
a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord
Term
brain
Definition
An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity
Term
spinal cord
Definition
The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system
Term
interneuron
Definition
A neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, esp. as part of a reflex arc
Term
dendrites
Definition
A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Term
axons
Definition
The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
Relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomenona called action potential and graded membrane potential
Term
action potential
Definition
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Term
sodium-potassium pump
Definition
Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump, sodium-potassium pump, or simply sodium pump, for short) is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane (specifically an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) in all animals
Term
threshold level
Definition
The minimum concentration of a substance at which negative health effects begin to appear
Term
positive feedback
Definition
The enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it
Term
potassium channels
Definition
the most widely distributed type of ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes
Term
chemical synapse
Definition
specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
A compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter
Term
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Definition
a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-sensitive channels
Term
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Definition
a synaptic potential that decreases the chance that a future action potential will occur in a postsynaptic neuron or a motor neuron
Term
synaptic integration
Definition
The mechanisms by which a presynaptic neuron influences the activity of an anatomically adjacent postsynaptic neuron
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
A hormone, that is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves and functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also used as a drug to raise blood pressure
Term
epinephrine
Definition
A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion
Term
dopamine
Definition
A compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including epinephrine
Term
serotonin
Definition
A compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter
Term
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Definition
a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and anxiety
Term
neuromodulators
Definition
the process in which several classes of neurotransmitters in the nervous system regulate diverse populations of neurons (one neuron uses different neurotransmitters to connect to several neurons)
Term
substance P
Definition
a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family
Term
enkephalins
Definition
Either of two compounds that occur naturally in the brain. They are peptides related to the endorphins, with similar physiological effects
Term
endorphins
Definition
Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides that activate the body's opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect
Term
Neuroglial cells
Definition
Cells that support and protect neurons are collectively called this; it literally means "glue" in Greek
Term
growth factor
Definition
A substance, such as a vitamin or hormone, that is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
Oligodendrocytes (from Greek literally meaning cells with a few branches); a type of brain cell
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
are glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They are involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology; the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers
Term
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definition
A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and fatigue
Term
blood vessels
Definition
A tubular structure carrying blood through tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary
Term
reflex
Definition
An action that is performed without conscious thought as a response to a stimulus.
Term
reflex arc
Definition
The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
A stretch receptor in vertebrate muscle
Term
stretch reflex
Definition
contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture
Term
spinal nerves
Definition
is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord; emerges at two points from the spinal cord, the ventral and dorsal roots
Term
cranial nerves
Definition
Each of twelve pairs of nerves that arise from the brain, not from the spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull
Term
somatic nerves
Definition
Any of the nerves associated with sensation or motion spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels
Term
sympathetic neuron
Definition
helps in the relay of information regarding distention and acidity to the central nervous system
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
he part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes
Term
fight-flight response
Definition
A physiological reaction in response to stress, characterized by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure--the hormone adrenaline is responsible for it
Term
adrenaline
Definition
The hormone epinephrine extracted from animals or prepared synthetically for medicinal purposes
Term
gray matter
Definition
The darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites
Term
white matter
Definition
The paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibers with their myelin sheaths
Term
meningitis
Definition
Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection
Term
brain stem
Definition
The central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
The continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, containing control centers for the heart and lungs
Term
medulla
Definition
The inner region of an organ or tissue, when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex
Term
cerebellum
Definition
The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity
Term
cerebrum
Definition
The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres. It is responsible for the integration of sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity
Term
thalamus
Definition
Either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
A region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain
Term
pons
Definition
The part of the brain stem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus
Term
blood-brain barrier
Definition
A filtering mechanism of the capillaries that blocks the passage of certain substances
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
Clear watery fluid that fills the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
Term
lumen
Definition
The inner open space or cavity of a tubular organ, as of a blood vessel or an intestine
Term
olfactory lobe
Definition
structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors
Term
meninges
Definition
The three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord
Term
pineal gland
Definition
a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement
Term
forebrain
Definition
The anterior part of the brain
Term
midbrain
Definition
A small central part of the brain stem
Term
hindbrain
Definition
The lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Term
limbic system
Definition
A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain that controls the basic emotions and drives
Term
gut reaction
Definition
Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition; a reaction to a situation derived from a person's instinct and experience
Term
reticular formation
Definition
a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone
Term
Electroencephalogram (EEG's)
Definition
A test or record of brain activity produced by electroencephalography
Term
broca's area
Definition
A region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe
Term
primary motor cortex
Definition
a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements
Term
retina
Definition
A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
A broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain
Term
optic nerves
Definition
Each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye
Term
pupil
Definition
The dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina
Term
visual cortex
Definition
The part of the cerebral cortex that receives and processes sensory nerve impulses from the eyes
Term
memory
Definition
A person's power to remember things and retrieve information about past sensory experiences
Term
short-term memory
Definition
what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it
Term
long-term memory
Definition
your general store of remembered information
Term
declarative memory
Definition
the aspect of human memory that stores facts. It is so called because it refers to memories that can be consciously discussed, or declared. It applies to standard textbook learning and knowledge, as well as memories that can be ''traveled back to'' in one's ''mind's eye''
Term
Amnesia
Definition
A partial or total loss of memory
Term
alzheimer's disease
Definition
Progressive mental deterioration occurring in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain
Term
caudate nucleus
Definition
The upper of the two gray nuclei of the corpus striatum in the cerebrum of the brain
Term
drug addiction
Definition
a condition characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking a drug to which one has become habituated through repeated consumption
Term
tolerance
Definition
Diminution in the body's response to a drug after continued use
Term
habituation
Definition
being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)
Term
concealment
Definition
To keep from being seen, found, observed, or discovered (when using alcohol or narcotic drugs)
Term
depressants
Definition
An influence that depresses economic or other activity
Term
depression
Definition
A condition of mental disturbance, typically with lack of energy and difficulty in maintaining concentration or interest in life
Term
stimulants
Definition
A substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body; something that increases activity, interest, or enthusiasm in a specified field
Term
cocaine
Definition
An addictive drug, derived from coca or prepared synthetically, used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic
Term
caffeine
Definition
The alkaloid crystalline compound found in tea and coffee plants. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system
Term
nicotine
Definition
A toxic colorless or yellowish oily liquid, that is the chief active constituent of tobacco. It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells
Term
amphetamine
Definition
A synthetic, addictive, mood-altering drug, used illegally as a stimulant and legally as a prescription drug to treat children with ADD and adults with narcolepsy
Term
ecstacy
Definition
An overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement; an emotional or religious frenzy or trancelike state, originally one involving an experience of mystic self-transcendence
Term
hypnotics
Definition
A sleep-inducing drug; a person under or open to the influence of hypnotism
Term
crystal meth
Definition
Methamphetamine, also known as metamfetamine (INN), dextromethamphetamine, methylamphetamine, N-methylamphetamine, and desoxyephedrine) is a psychoactive stimulant drug
Term
alcohol
Definition
A colorless volatile flammable liquid, that is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks, and is also used as an industrial solvent and as fuel
Term
tobacco
Definition
A preparation of the nicotine-rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a process of drying and fermentation for smoking or chewing
Term
marijuana
Definition
A drug called Cannabis; as smoked in cigarettes
Term
Cannabis
Definition
A plant used to produce hemp fiber and as a mildly psychotropic drug--marijuana
Term
ketamine
Definition
A synthetic compound, used as an anesthetic and analgesic drug and also (illicitly) as a hallucinogen
Term
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Definition
A synthetic compound derived from piperidine, used as a veterinary anesthetic and in hallucinogenic drugs such as angel dust
Term
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Definition
a synthetic crystalline compound, that is a potent hallucinogenic drug
Term
fentanyl
Definition
trade names of a narcotic analgesic that can be inhaled and that acts on the central nervous system and may become addictive
Term
oxycodone
Definition
an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opiates and opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), and codeine
Term
analgesics
Definition
A drug or medicine given to reduce pain
Term
heroin
Definition
A highly addictive analgesic drug, derived from morphine, often used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria
Term
codeine
Definition
A sleep-inducing and analgesic drug, derived from morphine
Term
morphine
Definition
An analgesic and narcotic drug, obtained from opium and used medicinally to relieve pain
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