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An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. |
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| A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf or cotyledon |
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| A clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leafs or cotyledons |
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| A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leafs or cotyledons. Recent molecular evidence indicates that dicots do not form a clade. |
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| A relitivly unspecialized plant cell that cares out most of the motabilism; synthesizes and stores organic products and develops into a more differientiated cell type |
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| A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth |
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| Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduce most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant |
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| Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throghout the plant |
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| Embronic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length |
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| A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems. |
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| Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots |
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| Growth produced by lateral meristems thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants |
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| The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and it's derivatives new root cells are produced in this region. |
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| The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length |
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| The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature. |
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| A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terristrial plants. |
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| The dermal tissue system of non-woody plants usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells. |
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| One or more layers of elongated photosynthetic cells on the upper part of a leaf also called palisade parenchyma |
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| Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the plaisade mesophyll cells in a leaf |
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| The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore |
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| A single carpel or a group of fused carpels |
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| The stalk of a flowers carpel with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top |
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| The sticky part of a flowers carpel which traps pollen grains |
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| In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg containing ovules develop |
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| The pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower consisting of an anther and filament |
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| In an angiosperm the terminal pollen sac of a stamen where pollen grains with male gametes |
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| A modified leaf of a flowering plant, petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insect and other pollenators |
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| A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens. |
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| A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm |
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The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg |
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| A seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo, some species have one cotyledon others too. |
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| Chemical reaction that occurs within an organism |
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| Breakdown; release energy |
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| the capacity to cause change. |
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| the energy associated with motion that is released in a chemical reaction |
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| energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
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| the kinetic energy associated with random movements |
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| isolated from surroundings |
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| energy is transferred between system and surroundings |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be transferred and transformed |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Every transformation r transfer increases entropy in the universe. |
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| change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously |
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| proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous |
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| one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous. |
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| powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions. |
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| Three main types of cell work |
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| Mechanic, Transport, and Chemical |
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| a key feature in the way cells manage their energy resources to do this work. |
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| A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| the initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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| the reactant an enzyme acts on |
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| The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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| brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction. |
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| Non-protein enzyme helpers |
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| the term used to describe any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by binding of a gegulatory molecule at another site. |
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| the end product of a metabolic pathway shts down tthe pathway by binding to the enzyme that acts early in the pathway |
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