Term
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Definition
| The 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide. |
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Term
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Definition
| The broad region that corresponds to the lenfth of the thick filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of three binding sites for tRNA during translation, it holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain; A stands for aminoacyl-tRNA site |
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Term
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Definition
| The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, extretory, and reproductive systes. It is separated from the more cranial thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absense of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types are A, B, AB, and O. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant hormone that generally acts to inhibit plant growth, promote dormancy, and help the plant tolerate stressful conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wave lengths of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| The very deep benthic communities near the bottom of the ocean. This region is characterized by continous cold, extremely high water pressure, low nutrients, and near ot total absense of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of ancient jawed fishes from the Devonian period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects. |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) |
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Definition
| The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the post-synaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rain, snow, or god that is more acidic than pH 5.6. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| The discharge of a sperm's acrosome when the sperm approaches an egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The class of lobefinned fishes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The class of ray-finned fishes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid change in the membrane potential of an exciteable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A profile of the relative performance of different wavelengths of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy that reactanats must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transcription factor that binds to an enhancer and stimulates transcription of a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity conferred by recovering from an infectious disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| An equillibrium state in a population when the gene pull has allele frequencies that maximize the average fitness of a population's members. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunites and problems, |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the anterior pituitary, it consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts ATP to to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The attraction between different kinds of molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| AN endocrine gland located adjacent to the kidney in mammals; composed of two glandular portions; an outer cortex, which responds to endocrine signals in reacting to stress and effecting salt and water balance, and a central medulla, which responds to nervous inputs resulting from stress. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The central portion of an adrenal gland, controlled by nerve signals, that secretes the fight-or-flight hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| A peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production and secretion of steriod hormone by the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Roots extending from stems and leaves above ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessel supplying a nephron. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of mammals that includes sloths, anteaters, and armadillos. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relative number of individuals of each age in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anti-body mediated immune repsonse in which bacteria or viruses are clumped together, effectively neutralized, and opsonized. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fruit such as a blackberry that develops from a single flower that has several carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A member of a jawless class of vertebrates represented today by the lampreys and hagfishes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates. |
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Term
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
|
Definition
| The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specific reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of pyruvate to to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An adrenal hormone that acts on the distal tubules of the kidney to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and the passive flow of water from the filtrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A photosynthetic, plantlike protist. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of four extra-embryonic membranes; serves as a repository for the embryo's nitrogenous waste. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate versions of a gene. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The variation in the relative rates of growth of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mode of speciation induced when the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A common type of polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An action that occurs either completely or not at all, such as the generation of an action potential by a neuron. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A spiral shaped constituting one of form og the secondary structure of proteins, aristing from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure. |
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The aiding of another individual at one's own risk or expense. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protistan clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates. Alveolates have small membrane-bounded cavities called alveoli under their cell surfaces. The function of alveoli is unknown. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) One of the deadened, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. (2) One of the milk secreting sacs of epithelial tissue in the mammary glands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons of the retina that help intergrate information before it is sent to the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound with one or more amino groups. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as monomers of proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1. |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
|
Definition
| An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the opposite end of the polypeptide containing a free carboxyl group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small and very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shelled cephalod animals that were the dominant invertebrate predators for milliond of years ending with the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous period. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The innermost of four extraembryonic membranes; encloses fluid-filled sac in which the embryo is suspended. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A vertebrate possessing an amnion surrounding the embryo; reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An amoebalike cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most animals; depending on the species, may digest and distribute food, disposes of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The vertebrate class of amphibians, represented by frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "down-hill" end of electron transport chains. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population, sometimes to a state different enough from the ancestral population to justify renaming it as a separate species; also called phyletic evolution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The similarity of structure between two species that are not closely related; attributeable to convergent evolution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fourth subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the faughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An acute, life threatening, allergic response. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of three groups of amniotes based on key differences between their skulls. |
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Term
| Anatomically modern humans |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the structure of an organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The principal male steriod hormones, such as testosterone, which stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism's habitat dries up. Also called cryptobiosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated. Opposite of vegetal pole. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A negatively charged ion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensory appendages found in uniramians. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Referring to the head end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called the adenohypophysis, it consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes form in the flower of an angiosperm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The phylum of hornworts, small herbaccous (nonwoody) plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The phylum containing all angiosperms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone that is part of an elaborate feedback scheme that helps regulate the osmolarity of the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which an MHC-molecule cradles a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen in its hammocklike groove, carries it to the cell surface, and "presents" the protein to an antigen receptor on a nearby T cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmembrane version of antibody molecules that B cells and T cells use to recognize specific antigens. Also called membrane anitbodies. |
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|
Term
| Antigen-presenting cell (APCs) |
|
Definition
| Cells that ingest bacteria and viruses and then destroy them. Class II MHC molcules in these cells collect peptide remnants of this degradation and present them to helper T cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The order of frogs and toads that includes tailles tetrapod amphibians. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The group of frogs and toads. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the ocean beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of growth at the top of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A limb-bud organizing region consisting of a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of a limb bud. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supploes cells for the plant to grow in length. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of a group of parasitic protozoans, some of which cause human disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The order of caelicians that includes legless amphibians. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The asexual production of seeds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A derived phenotypic character, or homology, that evolved after a branch diverged from a phylogenetic tree. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In plants, the nonliving continuum formed by the extracellular pathway provided by the continuous matrix of cell walls. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small, fingerlike externsion of the vertebrate cecum, contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the mebrane. (osmosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plasma like liquid in the space between the lens and the cornea in the vertebrate eye; helps mantain the shape of the eye, supplies nutrients and oxygen to its tissues, and desposes of its wastes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution in which water is the solvent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The animal class that includes scorpions, spiders, tics, and mites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primitive eukaryotic group that includes diplomonads, such as giardia; some systematists assigned kingdom status to archezoans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The endoderm-linked cavitiy, formed during the gastrulation proces, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A vessel that conveys blood between an artey an a capillary bed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaque within the arteries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Segmented coelomates with exoskeletons and jointed appendages. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most diverse phylum in animal kingdom, arachnids (eg, spiders, tics, scorpions, and mites), crustacians (eg. crayfish, lobster, crabs, barnicles), millipedes, centipedes, and insects. Anthropods are characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton, molting, jointed apendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurance of desireable traits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macroscopic fruiting bodies of sac fungi. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sac-like spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the ascomycota division of fungi. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The type of reproduction involving only one parent and produces genetically identitical offspring, by budding or by the divison of a single cell, or the entire organism into two or more parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of non-random mating in which mating partners resemble eachother in certain phenotypic characters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glial cells that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms of a group of atoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell division in which one daughter cell recieves more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cardiovascular disease which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unqiue for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom. |
|
|
Term
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) |
|
Definition
| An adenine/containing nucleocide triphosphate that release free energy when it's phosphate bonds are hydrolized. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) the function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthesis provides a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochodrion. |
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|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic factor |
|
Definition
| A peptide hormone that opposes the renin/angiotensinaldosterone system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily causes the ventricles to contract. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevent s blackflow of blood when the ventricles contract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chamber that recieves blood returning to the vertebrate heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| According to this model, eukaryotic cells evolved by the specialization of internal membrane orginally derived from prokaryotic plasma membranes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A subdivision of the motor nervous system of vertebrates that regulates the internal environment; consist of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of polyploid species resulting from one species doublding its chromosome number to become tetraploid, which may self fertilize or mate with other tetraploids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chromsome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autrotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of innorganic substances to make organic molecules from innorganic ones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid, having a variety of effects, such as phototropic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traces and fruit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A nutritional mutant that is unable to synthesize and cannot grow on media lacking certain essential molecules normally synthesized by a wild/type strains of the same species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The vertebrate class of birds, characterized by feathers and other flight adaptations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A structure that has the potential to form a vegetative branch. The bud appears in the angel formed between a leaf and a stem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells. |
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