Term
| STEPS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - METABOLIC(why do they both stop at night) |
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Definition
LIGHT REACTIONS
sunlight energy absorbed by PSII then PSI at chlorophyll --> electrons excited and transported to ETC --> water converted to make energy carriers ATP and NADPH (O2 is released)
DARK REACTIONS (CALVIN CYCLE / CARBON FIXATION REACTIONS / LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS):ATP + NADPH --> GLUCOSE
both stop at night: calvin cycle relies on stuff from light reactions even though it can proceed without light |
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Term
| ENERGY (deffinition, autotroph vs. heterotroph) |
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Definition
| the ability to do work. organisms that use light energy from the sun to make their own food (plants, bacteria, algae) vs. obtain energy from foods they consume |
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Term
| chloroplast (how many / mm on leaf, location, how many per each cell) |
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Definition
| .5million / found mainly in mesophyll (tissue in the interior of the leaf) cells / around 30-40 chloroplasts per mesophyll cell |
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Term
| CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE (stomata, stroma, stroma lamellae, thylakoids, grana) |
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Definition
stomata: pors on leaf surface through which gases pass (singular = stoma)
stroma: dense fluid outside the thylakoid in a chloroplast
stroma lamellae: little tube-like strands that connect granum to granum
thylakoids: interconnected membranous sacs cotaining chlorophyll, also has an inner compartment called the lumen or thylakoid space
grana (singular = granum): stacks of thylakoid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| scanning can only see outside, transition can see inside too (used to see inside of chloroplast under the microscope) |
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Term
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Definition
photosynthesis: 6Co2 + 6 H20 + sun energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6 H2O + 6 Co2 + 38ATP (686 kcal/mol per glucose) |
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Term
| location of light / dark reactions |
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Definition
light: thylakoid membrane
dark: stroma or mesophyll/bundle sheath |
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Term
| VISIBLE SPECTRUM (red vs. purple) |
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Definition
| long wavelength and low energy vs. short wavelength and high energy |
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Term
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Definition
sunlight: a mixture of different wavelengths of light that can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted (sent right through)
photons: discrete particles of light that contains a fixed amount of energy |
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Term
| PIGMENTS (deffinition, specific pigments on chloroplast) |
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Definition
molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sun's light(colors relfected or transmitted are what you see)
in chlorplast: chlorophyll a (reflects blue-green and involved in light reactions) chlorophyll b (accessory pigment that reflects yellow-green and helps chlorphyll a by allowing different ranges of wavlength to absorb more energy) |
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Term
| chlorophyll structure (purpose of head and tail) |
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Definition
head (porphryin ring): absorbs light to alternating single and double bonds so that electrons can be excited (move to higher energy levels)
tail: hydrophobic tail that can anchor chlorophyll to proteins within thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| why do leaves change color in the fall? |
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Definition
| usually chlrophyll is continuously madeand are much more abundant than the accessory pigments so they mask them, but in the fall chlrophyll synthesis slows down because of low temp, so the accessory pigments can show through. |
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Term
| why chlorophyll flouresces |
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Definition
| if you could extract chlorophyll from the other molecules that absorb the released energy so it was all by itself, the photon dropping levels would florest because it was moving from an excited state back down to ground state. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. chlorophyll a in PS2 absorb photons and passes excited electrons to different pigments (oxidized, reduced, repeat) 2. eventually photons are sent to P680 (special chlorophyll molecule that sends photons to PEA) that is oxidized and sends electrion to the primary electron acceptor which is reduced 3. water split by enzyme at thylakoid membrane to replace excited electrons that were passed: electrons replenish P680, O2 is released through stomata, H+ are sent to the lumen and later used in synthase 4. electrons from PS2 passed to ETC (in ETC H+ are pumped into lumen while electron is passed along, and at the end all of the H+ in the lumen passes down its gradient using ATP synthase so ATP is created) (electrons then sent to PS1- byebye!) |
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Term
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Definition
| 5. PS1 absorbs sun photons, and similarly to PS2 re-energyzed electrons are passed to PS700 then PEA, then passed to another ETC where NADP+ is reduced to form NADPH (H+ comes from ATP synthase) |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons from psI do not end up in NADPH... Instead they go "backwards" and enter the first ETC and that energy is used to make more ATP. This cyclic pathway allows for more ATP to be produced than NADPH because the Calvin Cycle needs more ATP than NADPH to produce sugars |
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Term
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Definition
making ATP by moving proton across thylakoid membrane using ATP synthase (coupling redox reactions of ETC that generate H+ gradient):
1. top cylinder is called the knob and bottom rotating part called the rotor (rod inside).
2. rotor (inside membrane, thinner part) rotates, and enzymes in the knob underneath help pump protons back down their gradient to create ATP by oxidizing phosphate
3. rod connects the two and activates catalytic sites
4. stator is a protein that anchors the enzyme
5. 3-4 ATP for every 10 hydrogens |
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Term
| CALVIN CYCLE STEPS(and the remember) |
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Definition
1. enzyme rubisco fixes 3 CO2 to 3 RuBP(5C molecule) to form 3 6C molecules that are unstable and therefor split into 6 3C molecules called 3-phosphogylcerate(3PG)
2. 6ATP and 6 NADPH are used to reduce ATP and NADPH into ADP and NADP+ to create 6 G3P that can be converted to any sugar, protein, etc (ADP AND NADP+ reycled back to light reactions)
3. Cycle keeps going by regernating RuBp(only 1 G3P leaves so the 5 others stay and use 3ATP to reform from 5 #C molecules to 3 %C RuBP) that can then once again combine with CO2
remember: cycle happens 1C at a time, so 6 cycles are needed to get all 6 G3P |
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Term
| overall reactants and products of calvin cycle (to get 1 G3P) |
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Definition
reactants: 3CO2, 9ATP (6 to create G3P, 3 to re-arrange the 5 G3P into 3 RuBP, 6NADPH
products: ADP NADP+ to send back to light reactions, 1 G3P!! |
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Term
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Definition
| anabolic creates something from smaller units (calvin cycle) whereas catabolic breaks down big units into smaller units |
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Term
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Definition
| normal pathway that uses Calvin Cycle(trees) vs. different Calvin Cycle to lose 1.2 as much water because stomata are closed most of the time (however too much O2 and not enough CO2!) (corn, sugarcane, crabgrass)vs. extreme climates that cause plants to open stomata at night and close them during the day(pineapple, cacti, spanish mosses) |
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Term
| C4 LEAF ANATOMY (2 types) |
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Definition
bundle sheath: tightly packed cells surrounding veins containing chloroplasts where Calvin Cycle takes place
Mesophyll cells: loosely arranged outside bundle sheath cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. CO2 is fixed in mesophyll cells: added to PEP carboxylase instead of rubisco (because it has a higher affinity for CO2 and no affinity for O2, so it can keep the carbon dioxide while there is too much O2 in cell)
2. PEP and CO2 produce oxaloacetate, then NADPH used to create malate from oxaloacetate (both 4C and intermediates unlike C3 where CO2 is instantly converted) -->sent to bundle sheath cells through plasmodesmata
3. 4C compounds release CO2 in bundle sheath, that CO2 goes through the normal Calvin Cycle to form glucos
4. pyruvate is convered when CO2 is taken to calvin cycle, so that pyruvate is converted ack into PEP using ATP |
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Term
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Definition
close stomate during day to conserve water:
1. at night they take in CO2 and fix it into many organic compounds in mesophyll cells that are stored in vacuoles until morning (called crassulacean acid metabolism...wtf)
2. during the day the stomata close and te stored CO2 is released from compounds and enters Calvin Cycle |
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Term
| 3 Enviro Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis |
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Definition
LIGHT INTENSITY: more light intensity = more photosynthesis up to a point where it levels off because all available electrons are excited (increase --> plateau)
CO2: increasing levels of CO2 around plant will stimulate and increase the rate of photosynthesis to a plateu (increase--> plateu0
TEMPERATURE: increase = accelerates chemical reactions until enzymes become unstable and innefective so the stoma begins to close, limiting water and CO2 entry, so the rate will decrease (parabola) |
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Term
| ATP (how its produced, how much, what if no oxygen) |
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Definition
| glucose is oxidized and high energy electrons are transfered slowly to oxygen releasing chemical energy / 36-38 depending on cell type / anaerobic respiration takes place that is NOT part of cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP: 3 phosphate groups attached to ribose sugar and adenine group (ADP is only 2 phosphate groups) |
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Term
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Definition
1. glycolysis (cytoplasm): conversion of glucose(starting molecule of CR) to pyruvate- NOT part of cellular respiration because it can occur with or without oxygen)
2. Pyruvate Conversion (mitochondria): conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3. Krebs Cycle (mitohondria):produce NADH and FADH and ATP
4. ETC (mitochondrial membrane): flow of electrons creates H+ gradient across membrane
5. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ATP synthase):produce ATP using ATP synthase and energy from H+ diffusion |
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Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation vs. oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| using organic phosphate to get ATP vs. using redox reactions/electrons to get ATP(ETC) |
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Term
| REDOX REACTIONS / OXYGEN / BENEFIT OF ORGANIC MOLECULES |
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Definition
| reloacte electrons closer to oxygen each time that releases chemical energy (ATP) for cellular work / very electronegative = huge oxidizing agent = steals electrons from other atoms / excellent fuels because of many hydrogens: bonds have electrons that are transferred to oxygen to create ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| NAD+ is an oxidizing agent that can take in electrons (1H and 2e for every NADH). NADH is the reduced NAD+, an electron carrier that represents stored energ and is used to create about 3ATP when passed in ETC. FADH2 is similar bt only makes 2ATP (less H+ pumped to membrane) in ETC (so at the end when theres 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 from the other steps, 10(3) + 2(2) = 34 atp produced in ETC |
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Term
| GLYCOLYSIS(what happens, ins, intermediate, enzyme, outs, main miniequationthings happening) |
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Definition
splitting of sugar: 6C glucose splits onto two 3C sugars that are rearranged to form pyruvate
INS:6C glucose
INTERMEDIATE: DHAP and G3P (goes back and forth between them, G3P is the important one) G3P is then oxidized and gives electrons to NAD+ to form NADH (does it twice = 2 ATP used)
ENZYME: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (allosteric- stops glycolysis if there is enough ATP)
OUTS: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (formed through substrate level phosphorylation: highly unstable PEP readily gives up phosphate group to form from PEP-->pyruvate and create ATP as well), 2 NADH.
(requires 2 ATP but forms 4 ATP, so NET 2ATP)
glucose --> 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O
2ADP + 2Pi --> 2 ATP
2NAD+ --> 2 NADH + 2H+ |
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Term
| PYRUVATE CONVERSION (overview, conversion, ins/outs) |
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Definition
pyruvate produced from glycolysis leaves cytoplasm, converts to acetyl CoA, and goes to the mitochondria to enter the Krebs Cycle
conversion: 3C pyruvate loses CO2(leaves) to become 2C molecule, then it gets oxidized by NAD+ and produces NADH to become 2C acetate, then coenzyme A attaches to acetate to form Acetyl CoA (pyruvate --> 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Acetyl CoA comes in (one at a time, but 2 in total, steps show just one so must double outcome)
2. Combines with oxaloacetate(4C) to form 6C citric acid(citrate)
3. Series of reactions produces: 3 NADH, 2 CO2 (step 4), 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
4. oxaloacetate is regenerated to repeat cycle by chopping off 2CO2 from 6C molecule to re-create 4C molecule
(DOUBLED = 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP) |
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Term
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (what is it / function / how much NADH, ATP, and FADH2 before hand) |
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Definition
collection of molecules embedded in inner mitochondrion membrane which becomes alternately reduced and oxidized as electrons travel down the chain / eases fall of electrons from glucose to oxygen so instead of one large free-energy drop from glucose --> oxygen, energy can be released in manageable amounts
(BEFORE = 10NADH (2 from glycolysis, 2 from pyruvate concentration, 6 from krebs) 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from krebs) 2 FADH2 (from KREBS) |
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Term
| HOW THE ETC WORKS (and what if theres no oxygen?) |
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Definition
-chain of redox reactions with each protien more electronegative than the rest until the FEA of oxygen
-all pump H+ to intermembronous space
-synthase creates 34 ATP (10 NADH at 3 ATP and 2 FADH2 at 2 ATP)
-at the end, oxygen picks up H+ and electrons and creates water that stays in cell
-no O2 (hold breath, posioning) = ETC can't function |
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Term
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Definition
| inner/ outer membrane, inner part is the matrix and between membranes is the intermembronous space where H+ are pumped before synthase brings them back into the matrix |
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Term
| feedback inhibition for CR |
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Definition
| high production of citrate, high production of ATP, or high production of AMP (one phosphate) inhibits phosphofructokinase |
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Term
| anaerobic respiration overview |
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Definition
| (IN CYTOPLASM) no oxygen means no ETC, however glycolysis can still occur, using ADP and NAD+ to create 2 ATP and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate. NAD+ still used to transfer electrons through (regenerated and reused to oxidize glucose in glycolysis and create ATP) |
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Term
| Alcoholic fermentation steps + product |
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Definition
1. pyruvate(3C) transformed into a 2C intermediate called acetylaldehyde (CO2 is released in the process that is used in yeast in beer and wine)
2. acetylaldehyde is reduced by oxidizing NADH, so NAD+ is recycled back for glycolysis
3. by being reduced acetylaldehyde is changed into 2C ethanol, which is the product of alcoholic fermentation
product: 2 ethanol + 2 ATP(from glycolysis) |
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Term
| lactic acid fermentation steps + product |
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Definition
1. pyruvate is transformed into lactic acid (3C-->3C)
2. NAD+ is formed and sent back for glycolysis
product: 2 lactate + 2 ATP (from glycolysis) |
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Term
| other proteins going through CR w/ glucose as reactant: |
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Definition
-glycerol will change shape and become G3P
-fatty acids will be chopped in 2 and become acetyl CoA
-amino acids will be deaminated(remove NH3) and can then enter at various places
-complex sugars brocen down to glucose and then enter regularly
(too much bad food that can't go through CR will be stored as glycogen then fat) |
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