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| A plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch. |
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| A plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar. Growing roots, shoot tips, stems, and fruit are these supplied by phloem. |
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| Microorganisms that restock nitrogenous minerals in the soil by converting nitrogen to ammonia. |
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| The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants. |
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| A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached. |
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| A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. |
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| A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule; in a flowering plant, it encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm. |
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| The rudimentary shoot or stem of an embryo plant. |
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| The embryonic axis below the point at which the cotyledons are attached. |
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| The embryonic axis above the point at which the cotyledons are attached. |
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| The one or two seed leaves of an angiosperm embryo. |
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| A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development. |
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| Cloning of plants by asexual means. |
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| A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals. |
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| Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die. |
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| Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light. |
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| The directional growth of a plant in relation to touch. |
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| A response of a plant or animal in relation to gravity. |
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| A class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid, having many effects, such as phototropic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth and the development of leaf traces and fruit. |
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| A class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in convert with auxins to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance. |
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| A class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development with auxin. |
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| A plant hormone that generally acts to inhibit growth, promote dormancy, and help the plant tolerate stressful conditions. |
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| The only gaseous plant hormone, responsible for fruit ripening, growth inhibition, leaf abscission, and aging. |
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| Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die. |
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| A plant process that initiates the removal or part of the plant in cases of aging or infection. This process is controlled primarily by 3 compounds, namely auxin, ethylene and abscisic acid. |
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| A pigment involved in many responses in plants to light. |
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| Red light changes phytochrome to its biologically active form. Once a red photon has been absorbed, the pigment undergoes a rapid conformational change to form the Pfr state. |
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| Far red light changes the protein to its biologically inactive form. When Pfr absorbs far-red light it is converted back to Pr. |
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| A plant that flowers, usually in late summer, fall or winter, only when the light period is shorter than a critical length. |
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| A plant that flowers, usually in late spring or early summer, only when the light period is longer than a critical length. |
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