Term
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Definition
| Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic pathways that synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how organisms manage their energy resources. |
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Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of energy that interrelates entropy and the system's total energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of transferring a phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial investment of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any nonprotein molecules or ions that are required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as these in important metabolic reactions. |
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Term
| Competitive Inhibition (Inhibitor) |
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Definition
| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
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Term
| Noncompetitive Inhibition (Inhibitor) |
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Definition
| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
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