Term
| the partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen (anaerobic) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respiration in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
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Term
| carbohydrates, fats, and ___ can all be processed and consumed as fuel by cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the balanced chemical equation for the degradation of glucose |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) |
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Term
| redox reaction stands for ___ |
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Definition
| oxidation-reduction reaction |
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Term
| the loss of electrons from a substance is ___ and the addition of electrons to another substance is called ___ |
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Definition
| oxidation (remember OIL: oxidation is a loss of electrons); reduction (remember RIG: reduction is a gain of electrons) |
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Term
| adding electrons to something is called reduction because |
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Definition
| the negatively charged electrons reduce the amount of positive charge |
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Term
| the electron donor in a redox reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
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Term
| in cellular respiration, oxygen becomes reduced to form |
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Definition
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Term
| in cellular respiration glucose becomes oxidized to form |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrogen atoms taken from glucose are carried by the coenzyme NAD+ to form |
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Definition
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Term
| each NADH molecule formed during respiration represents ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the electron transport chain brings electrons down many energy releasing steps and finally to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| an electron transport chain is made up of mainly ___ built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose > NADH >___ > oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvate consists of 2, 3-carbon molecules derived from the breaking apart of glucose during ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ occurs within the mitochondrial matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP synthesis powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| electron transport and chemiosmosis together consitute ___ |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| almost 90% of ATP generated by respiration is produced by ___ phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP formed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is formed by ___ phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| each molecule of ___ yields 38 ATP when degraded into carbon dioxide and water |
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Definition
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Term
| glycolysis literally means |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, is split into two ___ sugars called pyruvate during glycolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| the two phases of glycolysis are ___ and energy payoff |
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvate goes on to enter the mitochondria only if ___ is present |
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Definition
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Term
| when pyruvate loses a carboxyl group and releases it as a molecule of carbon dioxide, the remaining 2-carbon molecule is called ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2-carbon acetate bonds to ___ to form acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| the Krebs cycle is also know as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| each turn of the citric acid cycle yields ___ ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| ____, like NADH, carries high energy electrons to the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 are created each turn of the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| acetyl CoA adds its 2-carbon acetyl to the 4-carbon ___ to form the 6-carbon citrate |
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Definition
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Term
| these are tightly bound to proteins that make up the electron transport chain, and are nonprotein components of the chain |
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Definition
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Term
| NADH drops its electron off in ___ of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one of the electron carrying proteins between coenzyme Q and oxygen in the electron transport chain |
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Term
| oxygen makes a good final electron acceptor because |
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Definition
| it is very electronegative |
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Term
| FADH2 drops its electrons off at ___ of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
| FADH2 represents less energy than NADH because |
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Definition
| FADH2 introduces its electrons to the electron transport chain at a lower level than NADH |
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Term
| ATP synthase is a protein complex within the mitochondrion inner membrane. It makes ATP from ___ and inorganic phosphate. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis. This process is called ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP synthase is the smallest ___ |
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Definition
| molecular rotary motor known in nature |
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Term
| the H+ gradient that powers chemiosmosis is upheld by ___ |
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Definition
| the electron transport chain |
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Term
| a proton-motive force is ___ |
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Definition
| the H+ gradient force that drives H+ through the channels provided by ATP synthase |
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Term
| glucose > ___ > electron transport chain > proton-motive force > ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yield ___ out of the ___ total ATP produced by respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| about 40% of the potential chemical energy in ___ is transfered to ATP during respiration. ___ is released as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ___ without the use of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| during lactic acid fermentation NADH deposits its H+ back onto the ___ it took it from to create lactate |
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Definition
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Term
| many bacteria carry out alcoholic fermentation, the process in which pyruvate is converted into ethanol with the waste product ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is available but switches to anaerobic or fermentation if oxygen isn't present |
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Term
| many different types of carbohydrates can be changed into glucose to be used in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids |
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Term
| proteins are often deconstructed and the amino acids are used by the organism to build more proteins but excess amino acids are used as intermediates of ___ |
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Definition
| glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| fats are digested to glycerol and fatty acids, these are both used as intermediates of ___ |
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Definition
| glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| glycerol is converted to ___ an intermediate of ___ |
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Definition
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL); glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids into 2-carbon fragments, FADH2, and NADH |
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Term
| fatty acids are broken into 2-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| humans can make about half of the 20 amino acids in proteins by modifying compounds taken from the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| a cell can synthesize molecules it needs by taking intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and diverting them to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the end product of the anabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes an early step of the pathway |
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Term
| an enzyme that catalyzes a step of glycolysis that can be inhibited or stimulated to slow or speed up the entire catabolic process |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphofructokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes a stage of glycolysis is inhibited by ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphofructokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes a stage of glycolysis is stimulated by ___ |
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Definition
| AMP (adenosine monophosphate) |
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Term
| energy is (produced/released) and not (produced/released) |
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Definition
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Term
| each ATP consists of these 3 parts |
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Definition
| an adenine molecule, a ribose (sugar) molecule, and 3 phosphate molecules in a chain |
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Term
| the third phosphate attached to ATP is atached by a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| has the ability to do work or change something |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the addition of a phosphate molecule to make ATP from ADP |
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Term
| glycolysis alone yields ___ ATP per glucose molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvate is sometimes called ___ acid |
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Definition
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Term
| what goes into glycolysis (4 things) |
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Definition
| 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, and 4 ADP + P |
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Term
| what comes out of glycolysis (3 things) |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (2 net), and 2 NADH |
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Term
| when pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA, what goes into the reaction (3 things) |
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Definition
| 1 pyruvate, 1 CoA, 1 NAD+ |
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Term
| when pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA, what comes out of the reaction (3 things) |
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Definition
| 1 acetyl CoA, 1 carbon dioxide, 1 NADH |
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Term
| what goes into 1 turn of the citric acid cycle (5 things) |
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Definition
| 1 acetyl CoA, 1 oxaloacetate, 1 ADP + P, 3 NAD+, and 1 FAD |
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Term
| what comes out of 1 turn of the citric acid cycle (5 things) |
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Definition
| 1 coenzyme A, 2 carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 |
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Term
| what goes into the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions (5 things) |
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Definition
| 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 24 H+, 6 O2, 34 ADP + P |
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Term
| what comes out of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions (4 things) |
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Definition
| 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 12 H2O, 34 ATP |
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Term
| what goes into fermentation (2 things) |
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Definition
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Term
| what comes out of fermentation (2 things) |
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Definition
| NAD+, and either ethanol + CO2, or lactate |
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