• Image of structure and number of chromosomes in an individual.
• Sorted by length and centromere location
• Line up from tallest to shortest

• autosomal dominant
• breakdown of certain areas of the brain
• onset usually occur between 30-50

• autosomal dominant
• abnormally short arms and legs relative to other body parts

• autosomal recessive
• fairly common in white americans
• a defective protein, so thick mucus accumulates in lungs
• usually don't survive to adulthood

Refers to chromosomes 1-22

They are the same in males and females

• autosomal recessive
• affects central nervous system
• common in US among Jews

• autosomal recessive
• failure of brain to develop in infancy
• newborns appear normal until they drink milk
• put on special diet until their brains are fully developed

• autosomal recessive
• common in black americans
• causes blood cells to become sickle shape and reduces there oxygen carrying capacity
• also is an example of co-dominance because heterozygotes have normal blood cells and sickle blood cells

• Sex-linked traits
• on X chromosome
• can not distinguish between red and green

• sex-linked recessive trait
• on X chromosome
• failure of blood to clot

• sex-linked recessive trait
• on the X chromosome
• wasting away of muscles

1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Inversion
4. Translocation

• a chromosomal mutation
• a fragment of a chromosome breaks off

• a type of chromosomal mutation
• the chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome and will have two copies of a gene

• a type of chromosomal mutation
• fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in the reverse orientation

• a type of chromosomal mutation
• a fragment may join a non homologous chromosome

• deletion from chromosome #5
• abnormally shaped larynx
• mental retardation

• 3 chromosomes on #21
• due to nondisjunction
• mental retardation

• 3 chromosomes on #13
• due to nondisjunction
• multiple abnormalities

• 3 chromosomes on #18
• due to nondisjunction
• multiple abnormalities

• XO
• females
• sterile
• shorter, stocky
• only one X chromosome

• XXX
• females
• usually fertile
• abnormalities vary

• XXY
• males
• sterile
• slight breat development
• underdeveloped genitalia
• sparse body hair

• XYY
• males
• taller than average
• mild mental impairment

What are the two reasons chromosomal mutations are rarely passed on to the next generation?

1. sterile
2. zygote usually dies