Contains Carbon

In all living organisms

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

One molecule gives up a functional group, which another molecule accepts

A juggling of its internal bonds converts one type of organic compound into another

Two molecules become covalently bonded into a larger molecule and water is a by-product

Cleavage reaction that breaks covalent bonds and splis a molecule into two or more parts using water

A large molecule having three to millions of subunits

• Made of C, H, O
• 1:2:1 ratio
• 3 types: monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide

• One monomer of sugar, "simple sugar"
• Most common have a 5 or 6 carbon ring
• Ex: glucose, fructose

• Two or more sugar monomers
• Ex: sucrose = glucose + fructose

• Many sugar monomers
• Ex: cellulose, starch, glycogen

• Also called fats
• Nonpolar molecules
• Made of C, H, O
• Have more O than C and H

• Liquid at room temperature
• Fatty acid tail contains one or more double bonds

• Solid at room temperature
• Fatty acid tails only have single bonds

• Structural Proteins
• Transport Proteins
• Storage Proteins
• Defense Proteins
• Hormones
• Enzymes

Build structure such as spider webs, bones, cartilage, feathers, butterfly wings, etc

Move molecules across cell membranes and through body fluids

• Provide protection against foreign substances that enter animals
• Ex: antibodies

• Speed up chamical reactions
• Lower activation energy

• Building block of proteins
• Made of carboxyl group, amino group and an R group
• 20 different types
• Join together by peptide bond

Three or more amino acids bonded together making a protein

• A 3-D shape caused by bond between the amino and carboxyl group
• Can be in the shape of an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
• Ex: fibrous proteins - keratin, collagen, skin, bones, arteries

• Formed from a bond between R groups
• R groups pull toward middle
• Ex: globular proteins

• Two or more peptide chains held together by bonding among R groups and sulfur atoms
• Ex: hemoglobin

• Breaking of bonds of a protein thus changing the shape so they will not function properly.
• Sensitive to changes in pH and temperature

• Made of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base
• DNA and RNA is composed of nucleotides

• An enzyme helper that moves electrons and hydrogen from one reaction site to another
• Ex: NAD and FAD

• Adenine
• Guanine
• Thymine
• Cytosine

Nitrogen Base

Double Ring (purine)

Nitrogen Base

Double Ring (purine)

• Nitrogen Base
• Single Ring (pyrimidine)

• Nitrogen Base
• Single Ring (pyrimidine)