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The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |
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An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyze. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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| Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration) |
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A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
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The breakdown of foodstuffs to create energy in the presence of oxygen. [image] |
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| An electron transport chain couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy intermediate in living organisms, as they move back across the membrane. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) and from redox reactions such as the burning of sugars (respiration). |
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| Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration. |
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1. Generation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources as part of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration; that is, in the former process, oxygen is present, and, in the latter, oxygen is not present.
2. Production of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle as part of aerobic respiration.
3. Production of a variety of six- and three-carbon intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes. |
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| Substrate Level Phosphorylation/Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. In cells, it occurs primarily in the cytoplasm (in glycolysis) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. |
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NAD+: A coenzyme found in all living cells. In metabolism, NAD+ is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another.
FAD-: A redox cofactor involved in several important reactions in metabolism. FADH2 is an energy-carrying molecule, and the reduced coenzyme can be used as a substrate for oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. FADH2 is reoxidized to FAD, which makes it possible to produce two moles of the universal energy carrier ATP. |
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Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Reduction describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion |
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| Membrane-bound hemoproteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport. |
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The citric acid cycle begins with acetyl-CoA transferring its two-carbon acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate).
The citrate then losing first one, then a second carboxyl group as CO2. The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle.
Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy-rich electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced.
At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues. |
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| A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.[5] The two membranes, however, have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. There is the outer mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes), the inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and the matrix (space within the inner membrane). |
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