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AP Biology 41.1
An animal's diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
48
Biology
12th Grade
01/16/2012

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Term
essential nutrient
Definition
A substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material. In humans, they include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.
Term
essential amino acid
Definition
An amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must be obtained from food in prefabricated form. Eight amino acids are considered to be this in the human adult.
Term
histidine
Definition
An essential amino acid needed by infants.
Term
molting
Definition
In penguins, the process of growing new feathers.
Term
essential fatty acid
Definition
An unsaturated fatty acid that an animal needs but cannot make.
Term
unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
Fatty acids containing one or more double bonds.
Term
vitamin
Definition
An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts. They serve primarily as coenzymes or as parts of coenzymes.
Term
B complex
Definition
The compounds in water-soluble vitamins that generally function as coenzymes.
Term
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Coenzyme used in removing CO2 from organic compounds. Symptoms of deficiency: berberi (nerve disorders, emaciation, anemia).
Term
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Component of coenzymes FAD and FMN. Symptoms of deficiency: skin lesions such as cracks at corners of mouth.
Term
Niacin (B3)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+. Symptoms of deficiency: skin and gastrointestinal lesions, nervous disorders. Symptoms of extreme excess: liver damage.
Term
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism. Symptoms of deficiency: irritability, convulsions, muscular twitching, anemia. Symptoms of extreme excess: unstable gait, numb feet, poor coordination.
Term
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Component of coenzyme A. Symptoms of deficiency: fatigue, numbness, tingling of hands and feet.
Term
Folic acid (folacin) (B9)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism. Symptoms of deficiency: anemia, birth defects. Symptoms of extreme excess: may mask deficiency of Vitamin B12.
Term
Vitamin B12
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism; maturation of red blood cells. Symptoms of deficiency: anemia, nervous system disorders.
Term
Biotin
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino acids. Symptoms of deficiency: scaly skin inflammation, neuromuscular disorders.
Term
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Definition
Water-soluble vitamin. Used in collagen synthesis (such as for bone, cartilage, gums); antioxidant; aids in detoxification; improves iron absorption. Symptoms of deficiency: scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels), weakness, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity. Symptoms of extreme excess: gastrointestinal upset.
Term
Vitamin A (retinol)
Definition
Fat-soluble vitamin. Component of visual pigments; maintenance of epithelial tissues; antioxidant; helps prevent damage to cell membranes. Symptoms of deficiency: blindness and increased death rate. Symptoms of extreme excess: headache, irritability, vomiting, hair loss, blurred vision, liver and bone damage.
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Fat-soluble vitamin. Aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus; promotes bone growth. Symptoms of deficiency: rickets (bone deformities) in children, bone softening in adults. Symptoms of extreme excess: brain, cardiovascular, and kidney damage.
Term
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
Definition
Fat-soluble vitamin. Antioxidant; helps prevent damage to cell membranes. Symptoms of deficiency: degeneration of the nervous system.
Term
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
Definition
Fat-soluble vitamin. Important in blood clotting. Symptoms of deficiency: defective blood clotting. Symptoms of extreme excess: liver damage and anemia.
Term
mineral
Definition
In nutrition, a simple nutrient that is inorganic and therefore cannot be synthesized.
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
The oxygen-binding protein of red blood cells.
Term
thyroid hormones
Definition
Regulate metabolic rate.
Term
Calcium (Ca)
Definition
Major functions: bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function. Symptoms of deficiency: retarded growth, possibly loss of bone mass.
Term
Phosphorus (P)
Definition
Major functions: bone and tooth formation, acid-base balance, nucleotide synthesis. Symptoms of deficiency: Weakness, loss of minerals from bone, calcium loss.
Term
Sulfur (S)
Definition
Major functions: component of certain amino acids. Symptoms of deficiency: symptoms of protein deficiency.
Term
Potassium (K)
Definition
Major functions: acid-base balance, water balance, nerve function. Symptoms of deficiency: Muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, heart failure.
Term
Chlorine (Cl)
Definition
Major functions: acid-base balance, formation of gastric juice, nerve function, osmotic balance. Symptoms of deficiency: muscle cramps, reduced appetite.
Term
Sodium (Na)
Definition
Major functions: acid-base balance, water balance, nerve function. Symptoms of deficiency: muscle cramps, reduced appetite.
Term
Magnesium (Mg)
Definition
Major functions: cofactor; ATP bioenergetics. Symptoms of deficiency: nervous system disturbances.
Term
Iron (Fe)
Definition
Major functions: component of hemoglobin and of electron carriers in energy metabolism; enzyme cofactor. Symptoms of deficiency: anemia, weakness, impaired immunity.
Term
Fluorine (F)
Definition
Major functions: maintenance of tooth (and probably bone) structure. Symptoms of deficiency: higher frequency of tooth decay.
Term
Zinc (Zn)
Definition
Major functions: component of certain digestive enzymes and other proteins. Symptoms of deficiency: growth failure, skin abnormalities, reproductive failure, impaired immunity.
Term
Copper (Cu)
Definition
Major functions: enzyme cofactor in iron metabolism, melanin synthesis, electron transport. Symptoms of deficiency: anemia, cardiovascular abnormalities.
Term
Manganese (Mn)
Definition
Major functions: enzyme cofactor. Symptoms of deficiency: abnormal bone and cartilage.
Term
Iodine (I)
Definition
Major functions: component of thyroid hormones. Symptoms of deficiency: goiter (enlarged thyroid).
Term
Cobalt (Co)
Definition
Major functions: component of Vitamin B12. Symptoms of deficiency: none, except as B12 deficiency.
Term
Selenium (Se)
Definition
Major functions: enzyme cofactor; antioxidant functioning in close association with Vitamin E. Symptoms of deficiency: muscle pain, possibly heart muscle deterioration.
Term
Chromium (Cr)
Definition
Major functions: involved in glucose and energy metabolism. Symptoms of deficiency: impaired glucose metabolism.
Term
Molybdenum (Mo)
Definition
Major functions: enzyme cofactor. Symptoms of deficiency: disorder in excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds.
Term
undernourishment
Definition
A condition that results from a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires.
Term
malnourishment
Definition
The long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients.
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
Leads individuals, usually female, to starve themselves compulsively.
Term
"Golden Rice"
Definition
A strain of rice engineered to synthesize beta-carotene, the orange-colored source of Vitamin A that is abundant in carrots.
Term
hemochromatosis
Definition
Causes iron buildup in the absence of any abnormal iron consumption or exposure.
Term
epidemiology
Definition
The study of human health and disease at the population level.
Term
neural tube defect
Definition
A serious and sometimes fatal type of birth defect that occurs when tissue fails to enclose the developing brain and spinal cord.
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