Term
|
Definition
| the ordered division and naming of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where more than 2 organisms have the same common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trying to put things into a clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group that shares characteristics from common ancestors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building philogenetic trees based on common ancestors |
|
|
Term
| What are molecular clocks? |
|
Definition
| graphs using time and the number of mutations to graph a best fit line of the rate of mutations |
|
|
Term
| Where do archaea bacteria live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 shapes of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| spherical, rod, and spiral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
|
|
Term
| What is the discipline of systematics? |
|
Definition
| it classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
| What is a scientific name called? |
|
Definition
| bionomial or genus species name |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 levels of taxonomy? |
|
Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
|
|
Term
| What are phylogenetic trees? |
|
Definition
| a way to depict evolutionary relationships used by systematists |
|
|
Term
| What does each branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent? |
|
Definition
| the divergence of two species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups that share an immediate common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| What is a rooted phylogenetic tree? |
|
Definition
| tree that includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity due to convergent evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity due to shared ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently |
|
|
Term
| What is molecular systematics? |
|
Definition
| method that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
| What does monophletic mean? |
|
Definition
| it means that the clade consists of the ancestor species and all its descendents |
|
|
Term
| What is paraphyletic grouping? |
|
Definition
| consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendents |
|
|
Term
| What is polyphyletic grouping? |
|
Definition
| consists of various species that lack a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| What is shared ancestral character? |
|
Definition
| a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
|
|
Term
| What is a shared derived character? |
|
Definition
| an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the various species being studied |
|
|
Term
| What is maximum parsimony? |
|
Definition
| assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of maximum likelihood? |
|
Definition
| states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
|
|
Term
| What is phylogenetic brecketing? |
|
Definition
| allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendents |
|
|
Term
| What are orthologous genes? |
|
Definition
| genes that are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species |
|
|
Term
| What are paralogous genes? |
|
Definition
| genes that result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome |
|
|
Term
| What is the neutral theory? |
|
Definition
| states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection |
|
|
Term
| What is horizontal gene transfer? |
|
Definition
| the movement of genes from one genome to another |
|
|
Term
| Explain gram-positive and gram-negative procedure. |
|
Definition
| scientists use the Gram stain, and gram positive which have simpler cell walls with more peptidoglycans will be stained while the gram negative which has more complex cell walls will not be stained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a polysaccharide or protein layer that covers many prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers that allow some prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers that are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
no nucleus
no membranebound organelles
reproduce using binary fission
circular DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability for a bacteria to move toward or away from a certain stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller rings of DNA found in some bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleoid region? |
|
Definition
| the place where the circular DNA of a bacteria cell is located(instead of the nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive method used by prokaryotes; metabolically inactive, and can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 factors that contribute to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
1. Rapid reproduction
2. Mutation
3. Genetic recombination |
|
|
Term
| What are three methods of reproduction in Prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation |
|
|
Term
| What is transformation in prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| where the cell takes and incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
|
|
Term
| What is Transduction in prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages |
|
|
Term
| What is Conjugation in prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells using a sex pili |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a piece of DNA required for the production of sex pili(is around 25 genes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a cell has the F plasmid, it functions as the DNA donor, while cells without the F factor function as DNA recipients. The cells form the sex pili between them, and the F factors is transfered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasmids that carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| Where do Phototrophs get energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Chemotrophs get energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Autotrophs get energy? |
|
Definition
| they need CO2 for their carbon |
|
|
Term
| Where do Heterotrophs need? |
|
Definition
| organic nutrient to make organic compounds |
|
|
Term
| What is nitrogen fixation? |
|
Definition
| where atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogen-fixing cells found in cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that live in extreme environments |
|
|
Term
| What are extreme halophiles? |
|
Definition
| bacteria that live in highly saline environments |
|
|
Term
| What are extreme thermophiles? |
|
Definition
| bacteria that thrive in very hot environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product |
|
|
Term
| What are some uses of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
Decomposers
Bioremediation
Recovery of metals from ores
Synthesis of vitamins
Production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ecological relationship in which two species linve in close contact (larger host and smaller symbiont) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where both symbiotic organisms benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism benefits while neither harming not helping the other in any significant way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites that cause diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| Where do most protists live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are protists important? |
|
Definition
| they provide food, symbiosis, and decomposition |
|
|
Term
| What kingdom are protists like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the closest relatives to plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 things that plants provided that were necessary for the existance of other organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 traits that land plants and charophytes only share? |
|
Definition
1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of a phragmoplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diploid, produces a haploid spore, goes through meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid, spore that has gone through mitosis, produces a gamete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive structure in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females reproductive gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male reproductive gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| What must seedless, nonvascular plants have to reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plant was thought to evolve first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit of bryophytes? |
|
Definition
| they help conserve nitrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of bryophytes? |
|
Definition
| Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead cells found in the xylem; used dto carry water; conected to each other by pits |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 things that are common among all seed plants? |
|
Definition
seeds
reduced gametophytes
heterospory
ovules
pollen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of roots? |
|
Definition
anchor the plant
absorb minerals and water
store organic nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are adventitious roots? |
|
Definition
| arise from the stems or leaves |
|
|
Term
| What two main types of plants have a fibrous root system? |
|
Definition
| seedless vascular and monocots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny fibers coming off of the roots that absorb the water |
|
|
Term
| What type of root prevents erosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three organs in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of leaves? |
|
Definition
| carry out photosynthesis and make sugar |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of stems? |
|
Definition
| gives support and carries water and nutrients up and down |
|
|
Term
| According to evolutionists, what provided coal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the points where leaves are attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stem segments between the nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located near the shoot tip and causes plants to grow upward/downward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure that causes plants to grow outward |
|
|
Term
| What is apical dominance? |
|
Definition
| helps maintain dormancy in most nonapical buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flatttened part of the leave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue of leaves |
|
|
Term
| What types of veins do monocots have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of veins do eudicots have ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does simple leaf mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are compound leaves? |
|
Definition
| multiple leaves per petiole |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of tissue? |
|
Definition
| dermal, vascular, and ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers the outside of the plant |
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular tissue? |
|
Definition
| transports water and sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that is between dermal and vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| What ist he ground tissue inside the vascular tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ground tissue outside the vascular tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hairs that protect plants form insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vascular tissue of a stem or root |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of plant cells? |
|
Definition
Parenchma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Xylem
Phloem |
|
|
Term
| What are Parenchyma cells? |
|
Definition
the least specialized
thin flexible walls
found in buds
perform most metabolic functions |
|
|
Term
| What are Collenchyma cells? |
|
Definition
thicker
uneven cell to support stem
flexible support
no secondary walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.rigid cells that have very thick cell walls
2. strengthened with lignin
3. dead at functional maturity |
|
|
Term
| What are sieve tube elements? |
|
Definition
| have a sieve plate that connects cell and every one has a companion cell because it doesn't have its own nucleus or organelles |
|
|
Term
| What is the Plasmodesmata? |
|
Definition
| opening between cells to connect them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of plant in which the cells divide |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of growth? |
|
Definition
inderterminate
determinate |
|
|
Term
| What is indeterminate growth? |
|
Definition
| can grow throughout its life |
|
|
Term
| What is determinate growth? |
|
Definition
| cease to grow after a certain size |
|
|
Term
| What are apical meristems? |
|
Definition
| make the tree grow (primary growth) |
|
|
Term
| What are lateral meristems? |
|
Definition
| add thickness (secondary growth) |
|
|
Term
| What is vascular cambium? |
|
Definition
| where secondary growth takes place and produces xylem and phloem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces cork; located outside the phloem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| openings in the periderm that allow oxygen to enter the phloem |
|
|
Term
| What is pattern formation? |
|
Definition
| the development of specific strucgtures in specific locations |
|
|
Term
| What is positional information? |
|
Definition
| determines where something is formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes during development controlled by homeotic genes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 sections of the root? |
|
Definition
Root cap
Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of dead cells to protect living cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having structural or chemical differences at opposite endsof an organism |
|
|
Term
| What is the zone of cell division? |
|
Definition
| merestimatic parenchyma cells where the cells divide |
|
|
Term
| What is the zone of elongation? |
|
Definition
| newly formed cells begin to elongate |
|
|
Term
| What is the zone of differentiation? |
|
Definition
| cells mature, and some form root hairs |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce the cuticle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are mesophyll cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of mesophyll cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a palisade mesophyll? |
|
Definition
| dense and tightly compacted for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is a spongy mesophyll? |
|
Definition
| spaces in between for gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the guard cells close the stoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affects light absorption? |
|
Definition
| leaf area index and leaf orientation |
|
|
Term
| What is the leaf area index? |
|
Definition
| the ratio of total leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the symbiotic relationship between roots and the hyphae of soil fungi |
|
|
Term
| What do most solutes pass through? |
|
Definition
| transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important transport protein for active transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do proton pumps work in plants? |
|
Definition
| they create a hydrogen ion gradient that is a form of potential energy that can be harnessed to do work |
|
|
Term
| What is membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| the difference in electrical charge(voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane due to the diferential distribution of ions |
|
|
Term
| What two things does membrane potential affect? |
|
Definition
1. the activity of excitable cells
2. the transmembrane movement of all charged substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential to give up water; the cell that has more potential to give water to another cell |
|
|
Term
| What direction does water travel? |
|
Definition
| from a higher water potential to a lower water potential |
|
|
Term
| What is water potential measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 things that affect water potential? |
|
Definition
| pressure and solute concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for solute potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the cell membrane shrinks from the cell wall because of a lack of turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport proteins in the cell membrane that allows the passage of water |
|
|
Term
| What is the symplastic movement? |
|
Definition
| the route of water through cytoplasm using plasmodesmata |
|
|
Term
| What is the apoplastic movement? |
|
Definition
| the route of water through cell walls that water takes to get to the top of the plant |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways water can travel through a plant? |
|
Definition
Transmembrane
Symplastic
Apoplasatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mass transport of molecules though the plant caused by pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the innermost layer of cells inthe root cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the Casparian strip? |
|
Definition
| waxlike substance that surrounds the vascular tissue and protects the movement of molecules in and out the vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evaporation of water from the plant's surface through the stoma |
|
|
Term
| What are circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
| internal cyles of 24 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants adapted to arid climates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of sugar through the phloem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bulk flow of water and minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aqueous solution that is highly concntrated with sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumps sucrose into phloem and creates a lower water potential(producer of sugar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place wher the sugar is needed (sugar consumer) |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the sugar sink and source work. |
|
Definition
| When the sugar source pumps sucrose into the phloem, the water potential decreases. Then the water from the xylem goes into the phloem and creates a higher water potential which causes the sugar water to move down to the sugar sink which has a lower water potential |
|
|
Term
| What is cohesion and adhesion caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is systemic communication? |
|
Definition
| helps integrate functions of the whole plant |
|
|
Term
| What are phloem cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are xylem cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of sand, silt, clay with hummus in the mixture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dead/decaying material in the soil that provides nutrients for plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in plants: carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Potassium, and Calcium |
|
|
Term
| What is phytoremediation? |
|
Definition
| the biological nondestructive technology that reclaims contaminated areas |
|
|
Term
| How do plants get the nutrients that it needs from the soil? |
|
Definition
| the anions in the soil attract the cations from the roots through the cation exchange which uses carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a buffer so it can donate the hydrogen forming a bicarbonate ion. The hydrogen ion displaces other ions in the soil, so when it rains the displaced ions go into the plant with the water. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when the ions are leeched? |
|
Definition
| the ions are washed past the point of reach for the plants, often going into the water source/table |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that help plants grow better |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common nutrient that leeches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most plant mass made from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of nitrogen must plants have in order to use it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of converting nitrogen into usable nitrates or amonium. |
|
Definition
| Bacteria converts N2 to ammonia (NH3) which is converted into ammonium (NH4+) which is then used or converted into nitrate (NO3-). If it is not used, there is bacteria that denitrifies the nitrogen releasing it back into the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that grow nodules that let bacteria live in and put nitrogen in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant that lives on a host but doesn't harm it |
|
|
Term
| What is a photosythetic parasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the life cycle of plants starting with the sporophyte. |
|
Definition
1. a multicellular diploid sporophyte
2. goes through meiosis
3. produces spores unicellular& haploid
4. goes through mitosis
5. gametophyte(multicellular & haploid)
6. goes through mitosis
7. produces gamete unicellular &haploid
8. fertilization
9. makes unicellular, diploid zygote
10. goes through mitosis
11. produces sporophyte |
|
|
Term
| What part of the cycle is the flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive structure of a plant |
|
|
Term
| If something is micro when referring to a plant's reproductive parts what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is mega when referring to a plant's reproductive parts what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How big is the male gametophyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coat protecting male gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mega cell that attracts the pollen tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mega cells that make the food for the zygote |
|
|
Term
| What becomes the female gametophyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain double fertilization. |
|
Definition
| When the pollen tube starts growing from one of the 2 cells in the male gametophyte, the sperm cell goes through mitosis. The synergids attract the pollen tube. The 1st sperm cell fertilizes the egg and the 2nd fertilizes the polar nuclei which fuse together forming the endosperm |
|
|
Term
| What is an incomplete flower? |
|
Definition
| flower that doesn't have one of the 4 parts of a complete flower |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of a complete flower? |
|
Definition
| carpel, stamen, petal, sepal |
|
|
Term
| What is an imperfect flower? |
|
Definition
| doesn't have both female and male parts |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 cells in the female gametophytes? |
|
Definition
2 synergids
1 egg
2 polar nuclei
3 others whose purpose is unknown |
|
|
Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the seed leaves of a dicot; are food storage; provide nutrients but do not go through much photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle of the embryo and becomes the stem in a dicot |
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Term
| What does the radicle become? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when water is added to a dormant seed? |
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Definition
| it speeds up the metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What comes first in a monocot? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 ways that fruit is dispersed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for asexual reproduction in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean if a plant is dioecious? |
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Definition
| species that have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants |
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Term
| What is self-incompatibility? |
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Definition
| a plant's ability to reject its own pollen |
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Term
| What do mononcots have instead of cotyledons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the first leaf that comes up from a monocot seed |
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Term
| What are transgenic plants? |
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Definition
| plants that are genetically modified to express a gene from another organism |
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Term
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Definition
| plants raised to produce fuels |
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Term
| What are some concerns for Genetically modified plants? |
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Definition
Allergens
effect nontarget organisms
inability to control the growth |
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Term
| What are the three steps of cell signaling? |
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Definition
Reception
Transduction
Response |
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Term
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Definition
| when plants grow toward the light because they are responding to a lack of light |
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Term
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Definition
| where stems stop elongating |
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Term
| What are the 2 sensory structures? |
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Definition
1. Blue light photoreceptors
2. Phytochromes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of light reception/cell signaling? |
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Definition
| Light hits the phytochromes. If it is red light, it produces a messenger which activates specific protein kinase 1 which causes the transcription factor 1 to produce a response |
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Term
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Definition
| any response resulting in the growth toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
| What are tropisms caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a cell respond to light on one side? |
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Definition
| In order for the plant to grow toward the light, the cells on the opposite of the light respond to the hormone auxin that causes the cells to elongate |
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Term
| What decreases auxin production? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 chemicals used in plants? |
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Definition
1. Auxin
2. Ethylene
3. Gibberellins
4. Abscisic Acid
5. Cytokinins |
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Term
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Definition
| it causes cell and stem elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| ripens fruit and causes leaves to fall off |
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Term
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Definition
| cause cell and stem elongation |
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Term
| What does abscisic Acid do? |
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Definition
| inhibits growth during drought stress, causes seed dormancy, and drought tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two of the same molecule with different shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| light between red light and infared light and is just barely visible |
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Term
| What does far red light do? |
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Definition
| causes the phytochrommes to go to the red isomer causing etiolation |
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Term
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Definition
| causes the phytochromes to go to the far red isomer |
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Term
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Definition
| a physioogical response to the relative lengths of night and day |
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Term
| What do long day plants need? |
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Definition
| short periods of darkness |
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Term
| What do short day plants need? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| granuals that settle at the bottom of the cell letting the cell know how to respond to gravity depending on the type of cell |
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Term
| What is thigmomorphogenesis? |
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Definition
| touch makes plants grow thicker instead of taller |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
decreases membrane fluidity
alters lipd composition of membranes
causes ice to form in a plant's cell walls |
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