Term
| What elements make up most of the body? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| What is an atomic number? |
|
Definition
| the number of protons in an element's nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons |
|
|
Term
| What is a radioactive isotope? |
|
Definition
| isotope that decays spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| What are some uses of radioactive isotopes? |
|
Definition
| dating fossils, tracing atoms through metabolic processes, diagnosing medical disorders |
|
|
Term
| What is electronegativity? |
|
Definition
| an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond |
|
|
Term
| List the different bonds from strongest to least. |
|
Definition
nonpolar covalent
polar covalent
ionic
hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also atracted to another electronegative atom |
|
|
Term
| What is a Van der Waals interaction? |
|
Definition
| an attraction between molecules that are close together as a result of charges from the distribution of electrons |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 emergent properties of water? |
|
Definition
Cohesive Behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent |
|
|
Term
| How does water moderate its temperature? |
|
Definition
| Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of water's high specific heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when evaporation takes place? |
|
Definition
| heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break |
|
|
Term
| What happens when condensation takes place? |
|
Definition
| Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C |
|
|
Term
| Why does water resist changing its temperature? |
|
Definition
| because of its high specific heat |
|
|
Term
| What is a hydrophilic substance? |
|
Definition
| one that has an affinity for water, is soluble/likes water |
|
|
Term
| What is a hydrophobic substance? |
|
Definition
| one that does not have an affinity for water, is not soluble, and doesn't mix with water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the extra H+ that makes an subastance acidic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| OH- that makes something basic. |
|
|
Term
| What is a hydration shell? |
|
Definition
| the sphere of H2O molecules around each dissolved ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution |
|
|
Term
| What is the scale on the pH chart? |
|
Definition
| On a pH scale, a pH of 6 has 10x more H+ than pH of 7. A pH of 5 has 100x more H+ than a pH of 7 |
|
|
Term
| What is organic chemistry? |
|
Definition
| the study of compounds that contain carbon |
|
|
Term
| What determines an atom's characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can carbon skeletons do? |
|
Definition
1.Vary in length
2.be branched or unbranched
3.have double bonds that can vary in location
4.be arranged in rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| What can hydrocarbons do when they undergo reactions? |
|
Definition
| release a large amount of energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of isomers? |
|
Definition
Structural isomers
Geometric
Enantiomers |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 chemical groups? |
|
Definition
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the hydroxyl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the Carbonyl group? |
|
Definition
Carbon double bonded with oxygen
Hydrophilic
soluble |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the a Carboxyl group? |
|
Definition
a Carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group
hydrophilic
soluble
are acids/make something an acid
can donate a hydrogen ion |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the Amino group? |
|
Definition
Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen
hydrophilic
soluble
works as a base
helps build amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the Sulfhydryl group? |
|
Definition
(SH)
hydrophilic
soluble
form a very strong bond
helps make curly hair |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the Phosphate group? |
|
Definition
a phosphurous bonded to 2 (O-), double bonded to an oxygen, and single bonded to an oxygen
hydrophilic
soluble
very important in releasing energy |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the Methyl group? |
|
Definition
a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens
turns genes on and off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small building block molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classes of organic molecules that are polymers? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 classes of organic molecules? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and Lipids |
|
|
Term
| What is dehydration synthesis? |
|
Definition
| where two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding water to a polymer to disassemble it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include sugars and the polymers of sugars |
|
|
Term
| What are monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
| have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH2O |
|
|
Term
| What do monosaccharides do? |
|
Definition
| serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed when a dehydraton reaction joins two molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
|
Definition
| multiple monosaccharides joined together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a storage polysaccharide of plants made of glucose monomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a storage polysaccharide in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major component of the tough wall of plant cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the strongest polysaccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the one class of molecuels that doesn't have polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that are constructed from 2 types of smaller ones:glycerol and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton |
|
|
Term
| What is the main characteristic of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ester linkage? |
|
Definition
| when dehydration synthesis happens between a hydroxyl and a carboxyl |
|
|
Term
| What is a triacylglycerol? |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds |
|
|
Term
| What are unsaturated fats? |
|
Definition
| have one or more double bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group that are attached to a glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What differentiates the Amino Acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are amino acids linked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determins a protein's function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary structure? |
|
Definition
| the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of structure in proteins? |
|
Definition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary structure? |
|
Definition
| where the protein is folded and coiled because of the hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide bond |
|
|
Term
| What is tertiary structure? |
|
Definition
| determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents |
|
|
Term
| What is Quaternary structure? |
|
Definition
| results when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss of a protein's native structure |
|
|
Term
| How do scientists determine a protein's structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the differnce between DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
DNA-is double stranded, sugars don't have oxygen, and can have thymine as a base
RNA-is single stranded, has oxygen in it's sugar, and has uracil as a base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monomers that make up a polynucleotide/nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the Pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
| cytosine, thymine, and uracil because they have a single six-membered ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenine and Guanine because they have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring |
|
|
Term
| What makes up a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogeneous base |
|
|
