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| totality of an organism's chemical reactions |
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| begins with a specific molecule, which then is altered by a series of defined steps |
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| releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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| consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds |
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| energy available in a chemical rxn |
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1- conservation of energy
2- every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
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| portion of an organism's energy that can perform work when temp and perssure are uniform |
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| releases energy, decreases entropy of substance |
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| absorbs energy, increases entropy of substance |
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| the use of an exergonic rxn to drive an endergonic one |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (made up of 3 phosphate groups, 1 ribose, and an adenine) RELEASES ENGERGY via hydrolisis |
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| transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule (usually a reactant, and becomes less stable [more likely to react]) COUPLING RXNS |
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| a protein (macromolecule) that acts as a catalyst for reactions, lowers activation energy as well |
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| speeds up a reaction, w/out being consumed by it |
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| the energy required by a reaction in order for it begin |
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| the reactant to which an enzyme works with |
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| temporary complex where an enzyme binds to a substrate |
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| A weak pocket of inter-actors that allow a specific substrate to be attracted to, and bind correctly with an enzyme |
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| induced by entry of substrate, change in shape of the activation site so the enzyme and substrate bind more tightly together |
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| a nonprotein that is required for the proper function of an enzyme |
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| organic cofactor that is required for the proper function of an enzyme |
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| a substance that reduces the enzymes's reactivity via binding itself to the activation site |
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| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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| a substance that reduces the enzyme's reactivity via binding itself to a non-activation site |
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| binding of a regulatory molecule at one site that affects the function of that protein at other sites |
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| type of allosteric reg., wehre the binding of one substrate affects the other substrates also binded to the same enzyme |
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| End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of another enzyme in the pathway |
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Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine |
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Adenine
Guanine
Uracil
Cytosine |
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| Energy from ATP comes from chemical change to a state of lower energy, to from phosphate bonds (energy released goes to proteins in cell) |
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| chemical, mechanical, and transport |
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shuttling of inorganic Phosphate and enegry, energy coupling!!
10 million regeneration/consumed a second!!! |
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| Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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| Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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| true polymer, 3 parts (sugar , phosphate, nitrogen base) |
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| nucleic acids that store and transmit hereditary info |
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more enegry than Carbs, hard to break down, not considered a "macro" molecule not a ture polymer
-harmones
-cholesterol
-phospho-lipids
-insulation/protection |
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Definition
| head is phosphate (POLAR), tails are 2 fatty acid chains (NONPOLAR) |
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| have 4 ring structure, are nonpolar lipid harmones |
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| gyscerol bonds to 3 fatty acid chains... (+3 water molecules) |
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| saturated with H bonds, straight line, can ine up better, therefore solids (FAT) |
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| double bonds between Carbon, bent shape, cant line up (OILS) CIS BONDS |
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| turning an unsaturated fat into a tans fat, with trans bonds |
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| bonds made with unsaturated fats |
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carbohydrates (monosaccherides)
proteins (amino acids)
nucleic acids (nucleotides) |
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| dehydration synthesis (condensation) |
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| creates polymers, releases water |
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| breaks apart polymers, abosorbs water |
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-makes you.. you
-characteristics are b/c of proteins
-most of body is portein |
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| BOND BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS THAT FORM A PROTEIN CHAIN!!! |
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| H-bonds, form ALPHA HELIX AND BETA PLEATED STRUCTURES |
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| side "R" group rxns; ionic bonds, H-bonds, van der waals, covalent bonds DI SULFHYDRAL BRIDGES |
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| 2+ polypeptide chains together (2 or more protein chains)in a jumbled structure |
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| a covalent bond between 2 sulfhysral groups in a tietary stucture of a protein |
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| protein's main components |
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| amino group, acid group, central C, with 1 H, and "R" amino acid |
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| order increases in living things, so that entropy, needs a constant input of energy |
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| potential energy and chemicals MORE |
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| polymers, and large molecules |
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| kinetic enegry and chemicals MORE |
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| monomers, small molecules, and atoms |
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| by gaining energy from sugars, and performing an endergonic rxn with ADP and inorganic P(i) |
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-sometimes just release heat
-phophorylated |
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| structural carb. foudn in exosketeltons and fungi cell walls |
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| Sturcutal carb for fungi, and animals |
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| A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. |
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| a molecule that is contently bonded to a phosphate group |
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| carbs in plants vs. animals |
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ENERGY:
animal is glycogen
plant is starch
STRUCTURE:
animal is chitin
plant is cellulose |
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| starch :D eaisly broken down for energy, where cellulose is strictly strucural |
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