Term
| What are the two options a stem cell has? |
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Definition
1) divide and form more stem cells
2) differentiate into specialized cells that characterize specific body parts |
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|
Term
| What are totipotent stem cells? |
|
Definition
| develop into an individual |
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|
Term
| What are pluripotent stem cells? |
|
Definition
| stem cells that develop into any kind of cell in the body, not specialized yet |
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|
Term
| What are unipotent stem cells? |
|
Definition
| unipotent stem cells are specialized to only yield one kind of body cell |
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|
Term
| Do adults have many or few nerve and muscle stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what order do the kinds of stem cells form? |
|
Definition
1) totipotent
2) pluripotent
3) unipotent |
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|
Term
| Why are embryonic stem cells so special? |
|
Definition
| They are able to repair tissues in the human body that adult humans cannot regenerate normally. |
|
|
Term
| How many types of cells does the adult human have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tissues made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tissues in the body anchored by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of tissues occur in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more tissues organized to carry out specific tasks |
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|
Term
| How many types of tissues does the human heart contain? |
|
Definition
| all four kinds of tissues |
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|
Term
| What is intracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
| environment in which body cells live |
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|
Term
| What is extracellular fluid's function? |
|
Definition
| provides cells with substances to stay alive and also functions as a dumping ground for cellular waste |
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|
Term
| Extracellular fluid in vertebrates consists mainly of what? |
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid (the fluid in spaces between cells) and plasma (the fluid portion of the blood) |
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|
Term
| In reference to epithelial tissue, what does "simple" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reference to epithelial cells, what does "stratified" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reference to epithelial cells, what does squamous mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reference to epithelial cells, what does "cuboidal" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reference to epithelial cells, what does "columnar" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
| sheet-like layers of cells with extra cellular matrix between them |
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|
Term
| What part of the epithial cells face the outside world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of epithelial cells face the inside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the epithelium to underlying tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do hair, hooves, fur, nails, beaks, and feathers all form from the remains of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines blood vessels and the air sacs of lungs? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What functions do cuboidal and columnar epithelium have? |
|
Definition
| movement, absorption, and secretion |
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|
Term
| What is the function microvila? |
|
Definition
| increase surface area to aide in and absorption |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass |
|
|
Term
| What are tight junctions? |
|
Definition
| tight junctions do not allow anything to seep through |
|
|
Term
| What are adhering junctions? |
|
Definition
| connect cells but do not create a seel. things are able to pass through |
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|
Term
| What are the function of the specialized epithelial cells called gland cells? |
|
Definition
| secrete substances outside of the cells |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine cells? |
|
Definition
| endocrine cells do not have ducts |
|
|
Term
| What do exocrine cells do? |
|
Definition
| deliver secretions to an internal or external surface |
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|
Term
| What do endorcrine glands do? |
|
Definition
| secrets hormones into capillaries |
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|
Term
| Why are epithelial cells the most likely to become cancerous? |
|
Definition
| they replicate the quickest |
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|
Term
| What does connective tissue do? |
|
Definition
| structurally and functionally supports other tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common kind of cell found in connective tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do fibroblasts secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common soft connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is loose connective tissue's function? |
|
Definition
| keeps internal organs in place and lines epithelia |
|
|
Term
| What does dense irregular connective tissue do? |
|
Definition
| makes deep skin layers, supports internal muscles, forms capsules around kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What does dense regular connective tissue do? |
|
Definition
| make up tendons and ligaments, connect skeletal muscles to bones |
|
|
Term
| What are some special connective tissues? |
|
Definition
| Cartilage, adipose tissues, blood, and bone tissue |
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|
Term
| What do muscles do in response to tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does muscle tissue have an abundance of mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| to form enough ATP to give the muscles energy to contract |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| ineracts with bones to move body parts |
|
|
Term
| Is skeletal muscle tissue considered voluntary or involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major site for glycogen storage and also a major source of body heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the only place cardiac muscle is found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of junctions attach cardiac muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to have a rapid flow of cells in cardiac muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| allows the heart to contract in one unit |
|
|
Term
| Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is smooth muscle tissue found? |
|
Definition
| in walls of hollow organs |
|
|
Term
| What kind of muscle tissue has several nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is smooth muscle tissue involuntary or voluntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
| makes up the communication lines of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signaling cells inside the body |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sensory neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of interneurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of motor neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a neuroglial cell? |
|
Definition
| insulation around a neuron |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of neuroglial cells? |
|
Definition
| provide support, insulation and nutrients for a neuron |
|
|
Term
| What lines the human body cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the human body into upper and lower cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is the diaphragm made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two cavities are not in the coelem? |
|
Definition
| cranial and spinal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the organs found in the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some organs found in the abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
| stomach, intensifies, and liver |
|
|
Term
| What are some organs found in the reproductive cavity? |
|
Definition
| reproductive organs and bladder |
|
|
Term
| How many organ systems are in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
| protects body from injury, pathogens, and dehydration; also controls temperature, excretes certain wastes, as well as receives external stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| detects internal and external stimuli, controls responses to stimuli, and integrates all organ system activities |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the muscular system? |
|
Definition
| movement, posture, and generates heat |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
| supports and protects body parts, provides muscle attachment sites, creates red blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorous |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| transports material, and stabilizes temperature and ph |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| collects and returns tissue from the blood stream, fights infections and tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the respitory system? |
|
Definition
| delivers oxygen to cells, regulates ph |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| ingests food and water, breaks down food and absorbs small molecules, eliminates waste |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
| maintains volume of internal environment, excretes fluid and blood borne waste |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hypodermis do? |
|
Definition
| connects dermis to the internal body |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of the skin? |
|
Definition
| contains sensory receptors, keeps our pathogens, controls internal temperature, conserves water, and monitors external conditions |
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where are keratinocytes found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are melaninocytes found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fasted dividing cells in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are found in the dermis? |
|
Definition
| blood and lymph vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands, as well as hair follicles and sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| process in which change causes a response that reverses that change |
|
|
Term
| In what order does negative feedback occur? (3 steps) |
|
Definition
| sensory receptors, brain, and then muscles and glands |
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