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| A virus capable of infecting a bacterial cell, and may cause lysis to its host cell. |
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| An linkage enzyme which is capable of binding two smaller components into one single structure |
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| Elongation of new DNA at a replication fork is catalyzed by enzymes by adding nucleotides to the existing chain. |
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| An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks |
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| A discontinuous synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork |
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| A new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5'-->3' direction |
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| One of the several classes of enzymes that degrade nucleic acid. An enzyme that can degrade DNA or RNA by breaking phosphodiester bonds. |
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| Relatively short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication. |
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| short pre-existing polynucleotide chain towhich new deoxyribonucleotides can be added by dNA polymerase. |
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| A Y-shaped region in a chromosome that serves as the growing site for dna replication. |
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| Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly made strand |
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| Either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome; telomeres act as caps to keep the sticky ends of chromosomes from randomly clumping together |
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| The 5' end of pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of gaunine nucleotide. |
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| A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation phase of protein synthesis |
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| A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding aniticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis. |
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| a coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed are seperated from each other by introns. |
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| a change in the DNA of a gene, creating genetic diversity |
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| a noncoding intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene |
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| a type of RNA synthsized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein |
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| A site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA |
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| A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell.More specifically, rRNA sits in the Ribosome, decoding the mRNA into various amino acids and assisting in translation. |
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| A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. |
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| A promoter DNA sequence crucical in forming the transcriptioninitiation complex. |
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| process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases. |
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| RNA involved in protein synthesis, transporting specific amino acid to the ribosome to be added onto the growing polypeptide chain |
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A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA.Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. It consists of four phases:
(1) activation
(2) initiation
(3) elongation |
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| a set of three nucleotide long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains |
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| The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod shaped, polyhedral or more complex in shape. |
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| In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. |
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| A genetic element that can exsist either as plasmid or as a part of the bacterial chromosome. |
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| A nit of genetic function or a segment of DNA that functions as a single transcription unit, common in bacteria and phages. |
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A linear or circular double-stranded DNA that is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.
Carries anccessory genes seperate from those of bacterial chromosome. |
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| A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. |
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| A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA that is foreign to baterium |
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| An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis |
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| The genetic alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the transfer of foreign DNA. |
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| A segment of DNA that can move with a genome of a cell by means of DNA or RNA intermediate |
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| The normal process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to possess a more distinct form and function.Dependent on the control of gene expression |
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| Differential Gene Expression |
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| The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome |
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| A small protein with a highly proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to negatively charged DNA, play key role in cchromatin structure. |
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| A gene found in viruses, that is involved in cancerous characteristics. |
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gene that is expressed when a cells DNA is damaged. functions as a transcription factor for several genes.
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| a gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, preventing uncontrolled cell growth(cancer). |
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| The changes that occr within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, triggers the activation of sucicide proteins in the cell destined to die. |
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| the material substances in the egg that inflence the course of of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells. |
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| Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. |
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| The development of body shape and organization. |
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| An unspecialized cell characterized by the ability to self-renew by mitosis while in undifferentiated state, and the capacity to give rise to various differentiated cell types by cell differentiation. |
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| Having the ability to differentiate into all cell types. Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organisim. |
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