Term
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Definition
| Local. Lots of cells can recieve & respond to something produced by a single cell near them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater distances. Specialized cells release hormone mols into circ. system, where they travel to target cells in other parts of the body. |
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Term
| Three stages of cell signaling |
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Definition
| Reception, Transduction, Response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Target cell's detection of a signal coming from outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiated by signal binding to the protein, changing it's shape. Concerts signal to a form that can bring about the specific cellular response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transduced signal produces a specific cellular response. Cell signaling process helps make sure that important activities occur in right place, right time, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attach phosphates to protein tyrosines. Need two signal molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein. |
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Term
| General function of phosphatase proteins |
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Definition
| Reverses effects of kinase proteins. Enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular signal molecule that binds to the membrane receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, non protein, water soluble mols or ions. Signaling pathways. |
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Term
| Two main second messengers |
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Definition
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Term
| Producing cAMP & deactivating it |
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Definition
| Adenylyl cyclase activates and the first messenger causes a membrane enzyme to make cAMP. Another enzyme converts cAMP to AMP to deactivate it. |
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Term
| Importance of elaborate pathways |
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Definition
| Amplifies the cell's response to a signal. In each step, the # of activated products is much greater that the preceding step. |
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Term
| Six major functions of membrane proteins |
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Definition
| Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition, attachment to cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix (ECM). |
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Term
| Change of a plant cell's plasma membrane in response to cold temperatures |
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Definition
| The percentage of unsaturated phospholipids increases so it won't solidify in winter. |
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Term
| Types of molecules that have difficulty crossing the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| Charged atoms and ions. The charged atom and it's shell of water find the hydrophobic layer difficult to get through. |
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Term
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Definition
| B, P, A - Phospholipid bilayer. Selective barrier that allows passage of nutrients, ox, waste to service the entire cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| B, P - Protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents uptake of too much water, holds plant up against force of gravity. Thicker than plasma membrane. Primary cell wall, middle lumella, secondary cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - The space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Provides structural support, functions in mobility and motion, strands of protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Found within centrosome as a pair. Composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged ina ring. When cell divides, centrioles relicate. Help organize microtubule assembly. Not essential. Where spindle fibers form. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Contains most of the genes that control the cell. Enclosed by nuclear envelope so it's separated from the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Produces ribosomes. |
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Term
| Nuclear Membrane (envelope) |
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Definition
| P, A - Double membrane that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. The two membranes are a lipid bilayer with associated proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| B, P, A - Locomotive appendages that protrude from some cells. Propel many unicellular euk. organisms through water. Cilia occur in large numbers on the cell surface. Flagella are limited to one or few per cell. |
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Term
| Mitochondria & Chloroplasts |
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Definition
| P, A & P - Membrane proteins are made by free ribosomes and their own ribosomes. Have small amounts of DNA. Grow and reproduce on their own within the cell. Have extra membrane. Endosymbiotic theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Food vacuoles. Formed by phagocytosis. Contratile vacuole & central vacuole. Contractile in fresh water protozoans to keep water balance. Central found in most plant cells & stores organic compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| B, P, A - Assembly proteins. Free ribosomes are suspended in cytosol. Bound are attached to the ER. Structurally identical and interchangeable. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Production of lipids. No ribosomes attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Produce proteins to be secreted from the cell. Ribosomes attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Alters membrane phospholipids, modifies & stores & routes products of ER, targets products for parts of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Membrane bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to digest macromolecules. Works best in acid pH's. Maintains pH by pumping hydrogen ions from cytosol to lumen of lysosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| P - Amyplasts store starch in roots and tubers. Chromoplasts are non-chlorophyll pigments responsible for non-green colors. Chloroplasts are chlorophyll containing plastids for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, A - Transport vesicles, membrane bounded sacs within the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| For mitochondria. They were probably free living prok. cells when a larger cell engulfed them by phagocytosis, they weren't digested, and the larger cell stole it's energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma membrane, vesicles, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, nucleus. Dynamic flow of membrane. Bit of __ can break off and become part of __ carried by vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. In the liver they detoxify alcohol and other poisons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular support, provides tracks for movement within the cell, composes cilia and flagella, separation of chromosomes during cell division (spindle fiber), composes centrioles in animal cells. |
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Term
| Ideal osmotic environment for animal cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Ideal osmotic environment for plant cells |
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Definition
| Hypotonic so they get turgid (very firm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Control of water balance. Helps freshwater protists control water intake. Plasma membrane is less permeable to water, slows uptake of water, pumps water out of a vacuole. |
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Term
| How is cholesterol transported into human cells? |
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Definition
| Receptor mediated endocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells absorb molecules from outside the cell by engulfing it with their cell membrane. |
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Term
| What cholesterol does for cells |
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Definition
| Membrane stablization. Increase the temp, increases cholesterol. Decrease the temp, decreases cholesterol. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single ATP powered pump transports a solute and indirectly drives the active transport of several other solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of 2+ different molecules across the plasma membrane in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of 2+ different molecules across the plasma membrane in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients. Hydrogen ions want to flow back through. |
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Term
| Why do phospholipids rarely flip-flop across the membrane? |
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Definition
| The hydropphilic part would have to cross the hydrophobic core of the membrane. |
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Term
| What types of molecules diffuse readily across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic molecules because they can dissolve in the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Things can move around (solids can be fluid (ex: pile of corn kernels)). |
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Term
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Definition
| Lots of parts stuck together to make something bigger. Not uniform. Not the same in any region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some things can fit through and some can't. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydropphobic and hydrophilic regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell to cell recognition. |
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Term
| Integral/peripheral proteins |
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Definition
Integral: In the membrane.
Peripheral: On the surface of the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of any molecule to spreak out into available space. |
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Term
| After equilibrium, water... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane. No energy added to make it happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance against it's concentration gradient with the help of cellular energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of passive transport facilitated by transport proteins. Passage of molecules or ions across the membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins. High to low. |
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Term
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Definition
| TO allow multicellular organisms to grow and develop, replace cells that die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diploids, all body cells except reproductive cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploids, reproductive sperm and egg cells. |
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Term
| Relationship between chromatin and chromosomes |
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Definition
| After a cell duplicates it's genome, chromatin condenses, making the chromosome very thick. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes have already duplicated. Nucleus still well defined. Two centrosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromatin condenses and the chromosomes become visible. Also the nucleolus disappears, the nuclear membrane fragments, and spindle fibers are assembled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Envelope fragments, spindle can interact with chromosomes. Chromatids have kinetochore, chromosomes begin jerky movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Centrosomes are at opposites ends. Chromosomes are on metaphase plate, centromeres aligned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Centromeres separate, sister chromatids separate, now a chromosome. Moves towards opposites ends of the cell. Poles of the cell move farther apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell elongates, mitosis complete, cytokinesis occurs, daughter nuclei formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by prokaryotic cells. Cell elongates, divides, two are identical, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
G2: Triggers mitosis.
M: Controls onset of anaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
Cdk: cyclin dependent kinases, drive the cell cycle, often in inactive form.
Cyclin: Cyclinically fluctuating concentration in the cell. |
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Term
| How MPF relates to cdk and cyclin |
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Definition
| MPF initiates a process that destroys it's cyclin. Cdk persists in the cell in it's inactive form until associates with new cyclin. |
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Term
| How growth factors can influence a cell and the cell cycle |
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Definition
| Growth factors are proteins that stimulate other cells to divide. When cell pop. reaches certain density, insufficient amount of growth factors for continued cell growth. |
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Term
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Definition
Benign: Abnormal cells remain at original site.
Malignant: Invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site. Treatment of it is harmful to actively dividing cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell walls of plants are perforated with these channels. Cytoplasm passes through it and connects the living contents of adjacent cells. Unifies most of the plant into one living continuum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form continuus belts around the cell. Forms a seal that prevents leakage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells. Special mem. prots. surround each pore so salts, amino acids, and other small molecules can pass through |
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Term
| Desmosomes (aka communication junctions) |
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Definition
| Functions like rivets. Fastening cells together strong. Filaments made of keratin reinforce it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell secretes macromols. by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane. Secretory cells use them to export their products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell takes in macromols. and particulate matter by forming new visicles from the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of endocytosis. Cell engulfs a particle by wrapping around it and packaging it. Particle is digested after the vacuole fuses with alysosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of endocytosis. Cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid in tiny vesicles. Any solutes dissolved in the droplets are taken in the cell too. Unspecified in the substances it transports. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pumps out 3 Na for every 2 K. With each pump crank, one positive charge is transferred from cytoplasm to extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothesis about origin of euk. cell (with the mitochondria thing.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force directed against a cell wall after intake of water and swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not a cell. A virus has some info (DNA/RNA) which allows it to make copies of itself. Must be inside a living cell before the info can be used |
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