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| A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lives in the past |
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| A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover old ones |
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| The principle that events n the past occurred suddenly and were caused by different mechanisms than r operating today. |
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| The principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time |
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| Inherited characteristic that enhances its survival and reproduction n specific environments. |
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| Process n which organisms with certain characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms with other characteristics |
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| Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits |
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| Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry |
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| Structures in different species that are similar because of of common ancestry |
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| Structure of marginal to no importance; historical remnants of structures with important functions n ancestors. |
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| Evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages |
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| The study of past and present distribution of species |
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| The slow movement of the continental plates across earths surface |
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| Referring to a species that is confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area. |
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| What isn't an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? |
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| Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring |
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| Upper forelimbs of humans and bats r similar, whales are different. Most likely explanation for data? |
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| Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy |
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| What observation helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? |
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| South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to temperate plants of Europe |
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| Within a few weeks of treatment with 3TC, patients HIV population is 3TC resistant. How can this b explained? |
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| A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment and natural selection increased their frequency |
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| DNA sequences n human genes are similar to those n chimps. The most likely explanation is? |
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| Humans and chimps share relatively recent common ancestry |
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| Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology? |
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| The wings of a bird and those on an insect |
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| Evolutionary change below the species level; change in allele frequencies n a population over generations |
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| The percent, on average, of a population's loci that are heterozygous n members of the population |
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| Differences between the gene pools of geographically separate populations or population subgroups. |
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| A graded change in a character along a geographic axis |
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| frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, if Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work. |
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| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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| The condition describing a non-evolving population |
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| 5 conditions of hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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| No mutations, Random mating, No natural selection, Extremely large population size, and No gene flow. |
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| Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster. Typically the surviving population isn't as genetically representative as the original population. |
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| Genetic drift when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, form a new population whose gene pool composition isn't reflective of the original population's |
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| The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes. |
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| Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals |
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| Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than individuals with intermediate phenotypes |
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| Intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than extreme phenotypes. |
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| Individual with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates |
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| Marked differences between secondary sex characteristics of males and females |
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| Individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting mates. Also called mate choice |
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| A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually males) for mates |
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| Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population |
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| Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes. |
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| the largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur |
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| birds are classified as eastern and western forms of the same species, what piece of evidence would be cause for this reclassification? |
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| the two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring is viable and fertile. |
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| males of different species of fruit fly living in the same part of Hawaii have different courtship rituals. that involve fighting males and stylizing movements to attract females. what type of reproductive isolation does this represent? |
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| which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? |
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| gene flow between the two populations is extensive |
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| plant species A has a diploid number of 12. plant species B has a diploid number of 16. a new species, C, is an allopolyploid from A and B. diploid number for C would be? |
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| according to the punctuated equilibria model, |
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| most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. |
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| the pattern of evolution over large time scales |
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| four main stages to produce simple cells |
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| abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, packaging molecules into protobionts, and origin of self replicating molecules |
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| droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different its surroundings. |
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| a process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle |
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| a hypothesis for the origination of eukaryotes consisting of endosymbiotic events in which certain organelles were derived from small prokaryotes. |
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| relatively brief time in geologic history in which large, hard-bodied animals with most of the major body plans known today appeared in the fossil record. |
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| period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities. |
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| the retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors |
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| any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. |
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| resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found in some warm, shallow, salty bays. |
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| the oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. which of the following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? |
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| the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules. |
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| select the factor most likely to have caused the animals and plants of India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia. |
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| India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia |
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| adaptive radiations can be a direct consequences of four of the following five factors. select the exception. |
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| a change that caused a hox gene to be expressed along the tip of the vertebrate limb, instead of further back, is illustrative of |
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| a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. |
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| what hasn't been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life |
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| formation of protobionts that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids |
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| a swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. the evolution of the swim bladder from lungs is an example of |
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