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Definition
| the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways |
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| a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds |
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| a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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| a metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds |
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Definition
| the energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter. |
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Definition
| the capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force) |
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| the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. heat is energy in its most random form. |
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Definition
| the energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement. |
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Definition
| energy stored in the chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction |
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Definition
1. the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
2. a phenomenom in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there. |
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| the principle of conservation of energy. energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| the principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases. |
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Definition
| a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by s. |
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| the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperture and pressure are unifirm throughout the system. the change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation DG=DH-TDS. D=change in |
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Definition
| a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. |
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Definition
| a nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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| in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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Term
| atp (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| an adenosine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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Definition
| referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group. |
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Definition
| a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| a protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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Term
| free energy of activation (activation energy) |
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Definition
| the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start |
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Definition
| the reactant on which an enzyme works. |
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Definition
| a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule. |
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Definition
| the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. |
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Definition
| the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. |
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Definition
| any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. |
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Definition
| an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. |
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Definition
| a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. |
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Definition
| the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |
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Definition
| an interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunit is transmitted to all the others. |
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Definition
| a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway |
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