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| found in plant cells; membrane around central vacuole; has proton pump that pumps H+ out and ions in |
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short appendage specialized for locomotion;
formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules;
covered in an extension of plasma membrane |
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Long appendage specialized for locomotion;
formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules;
covered in an extension of plasma membrane |
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| a protein that forms microfilaments and contractile elements in cells |
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| the solution with greater solute concentration; water would flow in, solute out |
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| the solution with lower solute concentration; water would flow out, solute in |
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| An ion transport protein generating voltage across the membrane; Plants use it to load sucrose into veins |
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| the major electrogenic pump actively transporting H+ out of the cell; used by plants to pump sucrose into veins |
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| The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient |
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| a type of endocytosis; a cell creates a vesicle around a droplet of extracellular fluid |
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| a type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances (nom!) |
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| build a larger molecule from smaller ones |
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| breaks larger molecules down into smaller ones |
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| First law of thermodynamics |
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| energy can be transferred and transformed, but never destroyed or created |
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| Second law of thermodynamics |
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| every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe; in spontaneous reactions the free energy of the system decreases |
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| All living matter is made of: |
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| releases water; builds covalent bonds (anabolic); endergonic |
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| uses water; breaks covalent bond (catabolic); exergonic |
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| Cohesion and adhesion (transpiration); high specific heat (evaporative cooling); less dense as a solid (sustain life in frozen bodies of water); good solvent (water-based cellular fluids) |
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| macromolecule; sugar monomer; short term energy; 5C or 6C structure; ex: glucose,starch, cellulose, chitin |
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| Macromolecule; have hydrophobic tendencies; steroid hormones; ex: phospholipids, fat, cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen |
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| proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates |
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| Protein production (overview) |
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| nucleus/DNA--ribosomes--ER & vesicles--Golgi apparatus & vesicles |
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| Cell signaling: reception |
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| single molecule binds to receptor protein in membrane |
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| Cell signaling:transduction |
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| receptor protein is changed in some way; signal is (usually) relayed within the cell |
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| Factors affecting enzyme function |
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| temperature, pH, salinity, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration |
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| glycolysis--Krebs cycle--ETC |
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| first step in aerobic AND anaerobic respiration; in the cytoplasm; glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvates (3C); produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH; substrate-level phosphorylation |
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| 2nd step of aerobic respiration; in mitochondrial matrix; first: pyruvate to acetyl CoA; produces NADH and FADH2, 2 ATP, and CO2 waste |
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| 3rd step in aerobic respiration; in mitochondrial inner membrane; protein pumps embedded in membrane create H+ gradient so they will flow into matrix through ATP synthase; produces about 32 ATP; oxidative phosphorylation; oxygen is final electron acceptor |
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| yeast produces alcohol (2C), CO2, NAD; not reversible; NAD goes back to glycolysis to make 2 ATP |
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| bacteria (yogurt&cheese) and animals; produces lactic acid (3C), NAD; it is reversible--animals can convert lactic acid back to pyruvate; NAD goes back to glycolysis to make 2 ATP |
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| Light dependent reactions |
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Definition
| light energy and splitting of water to donate electrons H+ gradient builds up in inner thylakoid space & flows into stroma photosystem 2 & 1 |
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| comes first in light-dependent reactions; ETC produces ATP; has P680 |
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| comes second in light-dependent reactions; ETC produces NADPH; has P700 |
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| light independent; carbon fixation by rubisco enzyme; uses ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions; produce 3C sugars |
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| incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds; end product supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle |
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| open stomata at night to get CO2; store carbon as 4C sugars; close stomata and convert sugars back to CO2 during day |
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| Aa x Aa = 1:3:1 genotypic ratio |
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| AaBb x AaBb = 9:3:3:1 ratio |
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| one gene affects the expression of a gene at another locus |
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| one gene can have multiple phenotypic effects |
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| multiple genes alter one phenotypic trait |
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| DNA-->RNA-->protein-->trait |
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| A--T (2 bonds); G--C (3 bonds) |
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| least specified; most abundant; photosynthetic |
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| long; for support; ex: celery strings |
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| reinforced, tough cell walls; no longer growing; ex: wood, nutshells |
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| water condutcing vascular tissue; tracheids (long and thin); vessel elements (short and wide); dead when functioning |
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| sugar conducting vascular tissue; sieve-tube members; companion cells |
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| lack nucleus, ribosomes, and central vacuole; alive when functioning; connceted by plasmodesmata |
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| provide molecular needs of sieve-tube members |
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fungus that lives in soil and extends into plant roots;
increases mineral and water uptake; symbiotic relationship: the fungus gets food |
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nitrogen-fixing bacteria;
live in root nodules of legume family; converts N into a usable form for plants;
symbiotic relationship: bacteria get food and shelter |
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| loses electrons; loses energy; organic compounds lose H |
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| gain electrons; gain energy; organic compounds gain H |
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| Cellular respiration equation |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O (and 36 ATP) |
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Definition
connecting junctions in plant cells;
a channel in the cell wall;
cytosol passes through them |
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Definition
connecting junction in animal cells;
proteins surround pores that form cytoplasmic channels between membranes |
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Barrier Junctions in animal cells;
membranes are pressed and held tightly together by proteins |
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Barrier junctions in animal cells;
protein (keratin) "rivets" hold cells together in sheets |
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restriction point;
determines if a cell can go on to M phase |
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| determines if the cell will go on in replication or enter the G0 phase |
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| MPF (M-phase promoting factor) |
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Definition
need Cdk and Cyclin;
Cdk is present in constant amounts but needs cyclin to activate;
cyclin builds up during interphase and activates Pdk |
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| a common regulator molecule made from ATP |
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in glycolysis;
uses an ATP;
allosterically regulated by ATP and its products |
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| a molecule binds to a protein, affecting its shape or function |
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in the ETC;
a mobile electron carrier (like ubiquinone) that moves electrons between complexes |
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| catalyzes first step of Calvin Cycle; makes G3Ps; not present in C4 plants; its usual substrates are CO2 and O2 |
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| Where does crossing over occur? |
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ground tissue in leaves (in between upper and lower epidermis);
specialized for photosynthesis |
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| elongated photosynthetic cells along the upper part of a leaf |
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protective covering around a leaf vein;
photosynthetic |
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| cytoplasm continuum (plants) |
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not continuous;
contains sap |
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