• brain
• spinal cord

• inside the brain
• outside the spinal cord
• myelinated
• has neurilemma

• no myelin
• no neurilemma

• somatic
• autonomic

• autonomic: involuntary
• somatic: voluntary

• sympathetic
• parasympathetic

• sympathetic: fight of flight
• parasympathetic: pace down- return to rest

• Na+ outside
• K+ & anions inside

Pump K+ in

• pump 2 K+ in
• pump 3 Na+ out 

membrane potential becomes more +++

membrane potential gets more - - -

than at rest 

1. presynaptic action potential arrives at the synapse
2. Ca²⁺ influx (entry) into presynaptic neuron
3. vesicles move to the cell membrane of the presynaptic neuron and dock
4. neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis from versicles into the synapse
5. neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse
6. neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the post-synaptic membrane
7. postsynaptic response occurs
8. breakdown of neurotransmitter
9. reuptake of transmitter

basic life fuctions

• breathing
• heart rate
• vomit
• pupils 

endocrine system

hormones 

skull

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
meninges

• personality, intelligence, concious thought, memories
• motor cortex > voluntary muscle movement
• L side:Broca's area- language production

• touch, taste, temerature awareness
• body position
• somatosensory cortex: revieves inputs from all areas of the body but some areas have a greater representation

• hearing
• visual and verbal memories, emotions
• L side: Wernickes area: understanding speach

• imaging- CT scan, MRI, xray, microscope
• spinal tap
• reflex hammer
• ossiloscope/microelectrode
• add dyes to neurons/radio label

• mucous membrane that lines the eye

• fluid in anterior eye chamber
• nutrients, etc for eye

hole inside of iris

allows light in 

• colored muscle
• contracts - pupil constricts
• relaxed - pupil dilates

• elastic structure that changed shape to focus light rays on retina

• light rays focus onto retina
• location of the photoreceptors (rods +cones) , cells that convert light rays to nerve impulses

detects black and white

peripheral vision

night vision 

colored vision

acute (detailed) vision

daytime vision 

• area of the retina
• no rods or cones
• axons of photoreceptors leave eye and become the optic nerve
• no vision!

• middle layer of the eye
• absorbs scattered light rays

• outter layer of the eye
• "white of the eye"
• protection, shape

• sensory adaptation: receptors stop sending nerve impulses when they become accustomd to a stimulus

• light adaptation: response of pupil to changing light level

• flap of skin
• funnels sound wavs into ear

• direct sound waves onto tympanic membrane
• hairs, wax - capture large particles

• vibrates when sound waves strike it
• amplifies sound 

• vibrate when stimulated by vibrations of tympanic membrane
• transmit vibrations to oval window
• amplifies sound 

• membrane that bulges inward when stimulated by vibrations from ossicles
• sets fluid in motion in cochlea (inner ear)
• fluid movement stimulated mechano-receptors (hair cells) to transmit nerve impulses

• membrane that bulges outward by fluid moving inside the cochlea

• connects middle ear to throat
• equalize air pressure in head with surrounding environment (eg. plane)

• fluid filled canals for BALANCE
• when your head moves, fluid in SCC moves, which stimulates nerve impulses in hair cells

• fluid filled part involved in balance > 2 fluid-filled sacs inside (utricle, saccule) contain small calcium carbonate granules- "otoliths" that move, then trigger hair ells to produce nerve impulses

• fluid-fille, snail shaped structure
• contains basilar membrane, which has hair cells embedded
• movement of the fluid causes hair cells to convert motion into nerve impulses

• receptor that converts motion (fluid movement) into nerve impulses
• convert mechanical stimulus to action potentials

chemoreceptors

tongue 

• endocrine: ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
• exocrine:gland which secretes hormones via ducts

stimulates

• cell division
• bone and muscle growth
• metabolic functions 

• affects all tissues
• increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development

• fight or flight hormones
• raise blood glucose levels