Term
| ecology vs. environmentalism (example) |
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Definition
| environmentalism addresses environmental problems by understanding ecology (rachel carson's silent spring, by the time DDT got all the way up the chain to the birds their eggs would be to brittle and break) |
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Term
| biogeography (dispersal of organisms, study using transplanted species, potential vs. actual range, behavoir and habitat selsction, biotic favtors, abiotic factors, examples of each) |
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Definition
| study of past and present distributinos and what limits this (no kangaroos in north america because they can't get there-no adaptations to swim, brown tree snake to guam in ships after WW2, since then birds and lizards have become extinct,where they could survive where they actually live, larvae of Eurpoean Corn Borrer can feed on many plants but choose corn because females are attracted to the odors of plant, local distributions of seaweed affected by sea urchins, climate |
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Term
| abiotic factors (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, soil, chemistry of water) |
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Definition
| thermophelic prokaryotes can survive extreme temperatures, some need salt some need fresh, cold blooded species like snakes need it, "flagged" trees, structure of substrate determines which organisms can attach or burrow in it, very polar |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns on the global, regional and local level (SEASON!, or warm day cauese land to be hotter than lake so the water, rises, and draws a cool breeze from the water, reverse at night) |
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Term
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Definition
| very fine patterns, like pillbugs and such under a log |
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Term
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Definition
| 75% of biosphere because evap of water = planets rainfall, ocean temps = world wind pattern, photosynthesis = world oxygen and CO2 consumption marine = 3%, freshwater = less than 1% |
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Term
| aquatic biomes (differences) |
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Definition
lakes: oligotrophic vs. eutrophic -seasonal thermocline vs. year round thermocline, litoral vs. limnetic- shallow and close to shore where light reaches bottom vs. deeper
wetlands: marshes, bogs, swamps
streams/rivers: continuously moving water 1 direction
estuaries: transition between river and sea, differ in salinity
intertidal zone: submeged and exposed by tides
oceanic pelagic zone: open blue water
coreal reefs: photoc zone (sufficient light for photosynthesis), tropical marine
marine benthis biome: neratic zone (coastal seafloor near shore) pelagic zone (offshore seafloor in open water) abyssal zone (cold high pressure way down deep) deep-sea hydrothermcal vents |
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Term
| terrestrial biomes (facts) |
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Definition
| climograph = plot of temperature and precipitation in a patricular region, vertical stratification = canopy (highest part), low-tree stratum, shrub understory, ground layer, litter layer, root layer |
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Term
| terrestrial biomes (differences) |
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Definition
tropical rain forest: highest amount of animals, warm year round, stratified from canopy --> root layer
desert: dryest, 30 degrees noth and south of equator, major min/max temp, water-saving adaps
savanna: warm year-round, plants tolerant of fires and grazing animals, many termites, and zebra-ish
chaparrals: rainy winter/long dry summer, some will only sprout right after a fire, mostly herbivores
temperate grasslands: hungry/uruguay, bison, wild horses, burrowing mammals, agriculture ruins soil
coniferous forrest (taiga): largest, extreme different temps, cone=bearing trees, migratory birds, moose, bears, etc
temperate broadleaf forest:NH midaltitude, much precipitation year round, plants stratified and highly diverse.
tundra: 20% earths land surface, mostly arctic, long winters short summers, mosses and small shrubs, large grazing ox and other big scary animals nesting ground for migratory birds |
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Term
| proximate vs. ultimate causes |
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Definition
| how they do it (wolf pack walk together) vs. how it helps (can protect and hunt, good for survival) |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic component (black caps shows "migratory restlessness" and when crossed with the type that doesn't migrate, 40% still showed it) vs. environment (hydra stops responding if it is continuously hit without any damage) |
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Term
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Definition
| incerases survival and reproductive success- girrafes with long necks |
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Term
| altruistic social behavior (example, inclusive fitness, kin selection,) |
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Definition
| workerr bees can't reproduce but willing to sting and die for the survival of the hive (fertile queen!) inclusve fitness=weighting all the options to see which will have the most fertility, kin selection = saving a sibling if it means in the long run theres better chances of more babies |
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Term
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Definition
| ethology=study of animal behavior=anything an animal does and how it does it (FAP = unlearned acts triggered by sign stimulus like three-spined stickleback fish that attacks anything with a red underbelly like other males, impronting is learned/innate behavior during a sensitive period like ducks following their mommy) |
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Term
| kinesis, taxis, communication, response to signals |
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Definition
| slow, chill, random movement like pillbugs/ moving fast for a stimuli/transmission/reception of signals, nocturnal animals can't use visual but auditory, pheromones are chemicals used to communicate like moths, tactile = touch (hydra) electrical like eels? |
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Term
| natural selection: better foraging, decrease of predation, favorable migratory behavior |
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Definition
| coastal garter snakes eat mostly banana sluge where inland garter snakes don't because early on a few could sense the slugs, mice living in places where there is grass and underground for them to hide, blackcaps changed migration to westward because of milder winter climate and improved winter food from bird feeders |
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Term
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Definition
| weighing benefits and costs( foraging is a comproomise between benefits of ntritio and costs of obtainnig food like losing energy or getting eaten --max benefit, min cost) like spiders where there were more birds moved back to their nest faster / |
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Term
| promiscuous, monogamous, polygamous, (gyny vs. andry) |
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Definition
| promiscuous with no strong bonds and polygamous mating with many people (quails don't need parents, so it makes sense to go look fro more mates) monogamous=one relationship (birds need to care for young) gyny=pimp male (male way showy like horns on moose), andry=pimp female (females more ornamented than males), monogamous=monomorphic like trimpeter swans |
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Term
| population demography and dispersion |
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Definition
| population = group of same species, demography = study of vital statistics of population and how they change over time (birth/death rates) clumped like wolves, uniform like king penguins fighting for space, random like dandelions from windblown seeds |
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Term
| life table / cohort / reproductive table |
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Definition
| age=specific summary of survival patterns/ group of individuals of same age from birth until all are dead / age specific summary of reproductive rates, mostly females giving birth to females because males are only distributers of genes |
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Term
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Definition
type 1: flat at start, drops steepy later (HUMANS)
type 2: constant mortality over lfie span (RODENTS)
type 3: drops at start, flattens out (NEMO) |
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Term
| life history / 3 basic variables / semelpartiy vs. iteroparity |
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Definition
best traits like to reproduce often / when reproduction begins, how often, and how many offspring during each / "big bang"reproduced once then dies (usually low survival rate like agaves that send up large flowring stalk, produces seeds, and dies) vs. repeated reproduction (annually, hihg survival rate, like lizards w/ large eggs starting at age 2)
tradeoff: many small offspring vs. few bigger offspring because more energy is needed |
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Term
| exponential growth, population rates and growth (ZPG) |
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Definition
| exponential is unrealistic (no predation or disease, and unlimited resources, but maybe after a fire yu can see the J shaped curve) deltaN/deltaT=rN, N=pop size, t=time, b=birth rate, m=mortality rate, b-m=r(reate of growth) ZPG=dynamic not static |
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Term
| carrying capacity (equation)/ limiting factors |
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Definition
| (K-N)/K = fraction of carrying capacity still available for growth / predation, nutrients, water, shelter, nesting sites |
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Term
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Definition
| deltaN/deltaT=r(max) x N x ((K-N)/K) --> s shaped because starts exponential then tapers off |
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Term
| K selection vs. r-selection |
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Definition
| density dependent traits vs. maximizing reproductive success with little competition (fruit flys near K eat faster than fruit flies with less density, tornado is density independent, disease is density dependent) |
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Term
| population dynamics/cycles |
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Definition
| moose colonized across river, then river ever froze again so moose popilation is isolated, fluctuatees because of cold winters / 10 year cycle of lynx and hares because predatores other than lynx overexploit their prey, so lynx and hare rise and fall together, but also food availablility plays a role |
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Term
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Definition
| growth has slowed since the 1960's, in developed nations the pop is much less than developing nations like afghanistan, these diagrams can help plan for the future religiously, through education, medicare, and social security provisions |
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Term
| ecological footprint / human constraints |
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Definition
| land per nation to produce all resources it consumes and absorb all waste it generates (including arable land thats suitable for crops, pasture, forest, ocean, built-up land, fossil energy) / unequal food distribution, water, nonrenewable resources, building materials, space, and enviromental capacity to absorbe waste |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principle / fundamental niche / realized niche = resource partitioning and character displacement |
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Definition
| no 2 can have the exact same niche(roll of both factors in habitat) because they will out-compete eachother / potentially could be occipied / actually occupied = slightly different niches and habitats geographically closer will have more different niches than farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| tropical lizard: temp range, size of perch branches, time that its active, eating habits |
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Term
| adaptation examples (cryptic coloration, aposematic coloration, batesian mimcry, mulerian mimicry) |
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Definition
| camoflauge = skunks at night, aposematic coloration =bright toxic frogs like poison arrow, batesian = hawk-moth larvae puff up to look like small poisonous snake including hissing, mulerian = 2 harmful look like eachother to have predatores learn faster not to mess with them |
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Term
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Definition
| endoparasites live within the body like tape worms, ectoparasites like ticks feed on the outside, parasitoidism is when eggs laid eat the host. pathogens are like bacteria, virus, and fungi, both are (+/-) |
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Term
| trophic structure / food chain vs. food web |
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Definition
| feeding relationships between organisms/transfer of food energy from primary producer(autotroph) to primary consumer(herbavore) to secondary(eats herbivore) and tertiary consumers(eats carnivore) / a small link of food web because only 10% NRG or energetic hypothesis of trophic efficiency (flower --> grasshopper --> mouse --> snake --> hawk) |
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Term
| dominant vs. keystone species |
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Definition
| most abundant / highest biomass because they are most competitive and can avoid predation/disease like sugar maples in North America controlling other factors vs. pivotal role in community not by size but by niche like sea otters controlling urchins and therefor kelp |
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Term
| primary vs. secondary succession |
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Definition
| colonizing right after a disturbance, usually very small organisms that are replaced by grasses shrubs and trees vs. soil still intact, so forested area cleared for farming and later abandoned, so slowly trees will come back to replace shrubs which replaced herbacous species |
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Term
| latitudinal gradients + islands (island equilibrium model) |
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Definition
| climate like solar energy input and water availability, and evaotranspiration is the evap. from soil and trans. from plants + islands farther away and smaller will have less species becuase of less resources and less probablilty of immigration like studies of plants at the galapagos (IEM=rate of species immigration will eventualy equal rates of extinction,) |
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Term
| tropical habitats vs. temperate and polar habitats |
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Definition
| much more species because they are generally older, and growing season is 5x longer so in essence biological time is 5x faster |
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Term
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Definition
| helps predict how loss will affect biodiversity, determining species that will inhabit certain places |
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Term
| 1st vs. 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| law of conservation vs. some energy is always loser in heat |
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Term
| primary production vs. gross vs. net |
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Definition
| amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs like flowers vs. total PP vs. amount of biomass added (some taken away by respiration) |
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Term
| limiting nutrient in aquatic ecosystmes |
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Definition
| usually nitrogen or phosphorus, so areas where nutrient-rich deep water circulate to the surface = high PP like in the Antarctic Ocean. light also limits in oceans, but not as much as nutrients |
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Term
| limiting nutrient in terrestrial biomes |
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Definition
| temperature and moisture- rain forests vs. deserts!, measured by actual evapotranspiration (actual amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape) (in soil, nitrogen and phosphorus can still limit growth) |
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Term
| secondary production / productino efficiency / biomass pyramids / pyramids of numbers |
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Definition
| amount of chemical energy converted to their own biomass (like goats at the farm that don't eat all primary production, they can only USE secondary production) / fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration (caterpillar used 67 jules out of 100 for respiration, so 33%) /typical big --> small pyramid with 10% each / number of each type (usually more of higher, except insects feeding on trees) |
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Term
| water vs. carbon vs. nitrogen vs. phosphoros cycle |
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Definition
| essential to all organisms, oceans and glaciers, evap. conden,precip, and transp, vs. framework for oganic molecules, used during photosynthesis, found in fossil fuels and sediments, photosynthesis is key to get rid of it vs. component of amino acid,only small can use it, mostly in the atmosphere, usually by fixation vs. needed for bones teeth and energy-storing, only phosphate needed to synthesize organic compounts in plants, mostly in sedimentry marine rocks, weathering of rocks necssary |
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Term
| humans disrupting cycles (6 examples) |
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Definition
| nutrients from farm soil running off into lakes and streams / growing food one place, eating another, digestive sent another / adding new toxins into ecosystems like nuclear waste / removing nitrogen from soil when crops are plowed + harvested / nitrogen from fertilizers, purpose fires, and increased legumes is going past critical load, and running into water killing fish and contaminating it / |
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Term
| cultural eutrophication / fossil fuel combustion / biological magnification |
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Definition
| sewage,factory waste, runoff from pastures, overload lakes and streams with nitrogen, so algal bloom and oxygen distribution is weird so detrivores use all the oxygen in deeper waters and fish die (Lake Erie's pike and trout were wiped out in the 1960s)/ fossil fuels cause acid precip / toxins become concentrated in successive trophic levels (rachel carsons birds) |
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Term
| global warming vs. climate change |
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Definition
| industrial revolution caused climate change (natural disasters, ocean temp, etc), and the geenhouse effect caused global warming (melting of ice caps, sea levels rising, flooding) |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of 03 that reflects bad Uv rays from sun, layer thinning since 1975 from toxins used in refrigeration and aerosol cans, caused increase levels of Uv radiation on earth, and increases in skin cancer, cataracts, etc. |
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Term
| 3 levels of biodiversity / necessary for humans? |
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Definition
| genetic(within and between populations, lose plants with genetics close to agricultural plants!), species(20% of freshwater fishies have either become extinct or are seriously threatened), and ecosystem (over 50% of wetlands have been drained and converted to mostly agricultural ones) / needed for medicine(25% of perscriptions), crops(mass producing prokaryotes from Yellowstone hot springs), fibers, and religious themes |
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Term
| examples of economic services |
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Definition
| disperse seeds(in their poop), pollinate crops(bees!), control pests by natural enemies (SPIDERS AND MOSSYS!MREH) |
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Term
| 4 major threats to biodiversity |
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Definition
| habitat destruction (deforestation, fragmentatino, coral reef damage (over 93%), dams, reservoirs) introduced species (brown tree snake) overexploitation (harvesting wild plants and animals faster than they can rebound like whales) and disrpution of interactions where extinction can doom other species (no beavers= less wetlands and ponds across NA |
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Term
| minimum viable population size / population viability analysis / effective poulation size |
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Definition
| size at which species can sustain its numbers MVP / method to see if species survive over time PVS / breeding potential of a population Ne |
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Term
| examples: edges/corridor, hot spot, nature reserve, zoned reserve(undisturbed land surrounded by land used for economic gain - perfect compromise) |
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Definition
| brige in canadian national park to help animals cross highway, along the southern top of africa, Yellowstone national park, Costa Rica |
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Term
| restoring degraded ecosystems to a more natural state / bioremediation / biological augmentation |
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Definition
| recovering communities from disturbances through...bioremediation (using living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems like bacteria at oil spills) and biological augmentation (using plants that didn't need much nitrogen to get everything moving in puerto rico) |
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Term
| sustainable development: can use it now but preserve it for future generations as well (goal, study, commitment) |
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Definition
GOAL: learn to be responsible in developing, maintaining, conserving Earth's resources
STUDY:global change, climate processes, bio.logical diversity, ways to sustain ecosystems
COMMITMENT: conservation in teh face of a growing population, and preserving biodiversity because we depend on it! |
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Term
| sustainable development:example |
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Definition
| rhine river, europe: dredging and channeling for navigation straightened river and dissconnected it, so countries are reconnecting it to its side channels to increase diversity, improve water quality, and provide flood protection (costa rica: life expectancy rose while they were aiming to restore and conserve nature) |
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