Term
| hierarchy of organization in the body |
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Definition
| cell, tissue, organ, organ system, body tissue |
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Term
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Definition
1. connective: loose, fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone, blood
2.epithelial: line organs/cavities, cover outside of body, secretion(glands), simple vs. stratified, cuboidal, columnar, squamouse
3. muscle: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
4.nervous: neurons transmit nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that AMPLIFY the change |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical control mechanism in wihch a changein some variable triggers mechanisms that INHIBIT the change |
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Term
| BMR= Basal metabolic rate |
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Definition
| minimal metabolic rate at rest; powers basic life fx |
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Term
| factors affecting BMR (basal metabolic rate) |
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Definition
| temperature of surroundings (ectotherms), size of animal, duration of activity, age, sex, body/env. temp., hormones, time of day |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers blood glucose levels. promotes uptake of glucose by body cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| raises blood glucose levels by taking glucose stores (glucagon) and turning into glucose |
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Term
| proteins: fx, building blocks, sources |
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Definition
fx: structural (hair, muscles), transport (hemoglobin), enzymes, repair
bbs: amino acids
sources: meat, peanuts, tofu |
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Term
| carbohydrates: fx, sources |
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Definition
fx: energy (short and long term), mono/disaccharides,
sources: fruits, veggies, pastry, bread, rice |
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Term
| lipids: fx, building blocks, sources |
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Definition
fx: protection, energy, myelin
bbs: glycerol & fatty acids
sources: animal products, oils, etc |
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Term
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Definition
vit A: night blindless
vit D: rickets
vit C: scurvy |
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Term
| what are the fat soluble vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Iodine (I2): goitre
Iron (Fe): anemia
Calcium (CA2+): weak bones/osteoperosis |
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Term
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Definition
| body cannot make them, must take in via diet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| live on/in what they eat. ie)maggots |
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Term
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Definition
| eat their way thru envirn. ie)earthworms |
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Term
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Definition
| eg) hummingbird, leeches, mosquito, vampire bats |
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Term
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Definition
| eating lots @ a time ie)humans, pythons |
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Term
| extracellular vs. intracellular digestion |
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Definition
extra: outside cells ie)humans
intra:inside cells ie)phagocytosis:vacuoles & lysosomes digest food |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -intracellular-choanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-extracellular
-gastrovascular cavity->pouch that function in digestion + circulation, mouth=anus |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth > esophogus > crop (stores food) > gizzard (grinds food) > intestine > anus > out |
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Term
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Definition
| foregut (crop) > midgut (gastric ceca- ^SA) > hindgut (anus) |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth > esophagus > crop > stomach > gizzard > intestine > anus > out |
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Term
| digestion in mammals (humans) |
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Definition
| mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > sm intestine > lg intestine > rectum > anus > out |
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Term
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Definition
released from: salivary glands in mouth
to: mouth
fx: hydrolyzes starch |
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Term
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Definition
released from: stomach
into: stomach
fx: breaks apart food, pH of 2, loosens tough fibrous materials, activates pesinogen to pepsin, protects body from pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
produced in liver
stored in gallbladder
fx: acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion & absorption of fats |
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Term
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Definition
released from:sm. intestin
into:sm. intestine
fx: trypsinogen > trypsin |
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Term
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Definition
released from: pancreas or sm. intestin
into: sm. intestine
fx: digests lipids - creates fatty acids and glycerol (triglycerides) |
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Term
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Definition
released from: pancreas
into: sm. intestine
fx: breaks down protein from large polypeptide chains into smaller chains |
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Term
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Definition
released from: stomach (gastric glands)
into: stomach
fx: inactive, converted into pepsin by HCl |
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Term
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Definition
released from: sm. intestine
into: sm. intestine
fx: converts short chain peptides into amino acids, final stage of protein digestion |
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Term
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Definition
released from: stomach
into: stomach
fx: curdles milk |
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Term
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Definition
released from: stomach
into: stomach
fx: curdles milk |
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Term
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Definition
released from: sm. intestine
into: sm. intestine
fx: breaks maltose into 2 glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
released from: sm. intestine
into: sm. intestine
fx: converts sucrose into monosaccharides glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
released from: pancreas
into: sm. intestine
fx: contains sodium bicarbonate to make the small intestine more alkaline (neutralizes chyme) and acts to activate trypsiongen into trypsin. contains a 28 digestive enxymes, including amylases, lipases, trypsinogen, peptidases |
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Term
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Definition
released from: pancreas
into: sm. intestine
fx: inactive enzyme, converted to trypsin by sodium bicarbonate/enterop. |
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Term
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Definition
released from: sm. intestine
into: sm. intestine
fx: breaks down lactose |
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Term
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Definition
released from: pancreas
into: sm intestine
fx: converts starch into maltose |
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Term
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Definition
released from: somach
into: bloodstream- carried to stomach
fx: stim. increased secretion of gastric juice - controlled by negative feedback so stomach does not get too acidic |
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Term
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Definition
released from: stomach as pepsinogen
into: stomach
fx: hydrolysis of proteins - breaks them into polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
released from: salivary glands
into: mouth
fx: moisten food, enable taste, amylase |
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Term
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Definition
released from: mucosal cells (chief cells and parietal cells)
into: stomach
fx: protects the stomach against HCl and bacteria, acidified stomach contents, activates inactive pepsinogen into pepsin to digest proteins |
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Term
| earthworm: increases SA for absorption by |
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Definition
| typhlosole-dorsal fold in intestine |
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Term
| grasshopper: increases SA for absorption by |
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Definition
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Term
| bird:increases SA for absorption by |
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Definition
| longer length of dig. tract b/c they are herbivores who digest more cellulose |
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Term
| mammals: increases SA for absorption by |
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Definition
| villi, microvilli, folding |
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Term
| some adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems |
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Definition
-dentition (teeth)
-length of digestive system
-symbiotic microorganisms (eg. E.coli help w/ digestion or making vitamins, etc.)
ruminant digestion: cattle - 4 stomachs |
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Term
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Definition
| gastrovascular cavity, body wall only 2 cells thick= diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| gastrovascular cavity = flat body so can use diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
hemolymph instead of blood, not separated from interstitial fluid
found in: insects, crustaceans, most molluscs
found in: cephelopods (octopus, squid), earthworms, most verts |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
heart pumps blood into a system of vessels
foudn in: cephalopods (octopus, squid), most vert. |
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Term
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Definition
2-chambered heart
1 circuit (gills then body)
constrains metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
3 chambered heart
2 circuits (lungs/skin, body) |
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Term
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Definition
4 chambered heart
2 circuits (lungs, body)- no mixing of de/oxy blood
birds also have a 4-chambered heart- evolved seperately (convergent evol.) |
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Term
| path of blood flow through mammalian heart |
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Definition
| oxygen poor blood enters vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > oxygenated blood > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > semilunar valve >aorta > body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| SA node > AV > bundle of His > Purkinje > ventricle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
-thick middle and outer layers
-thick walls
-elastic for high pressure
-away from heart |
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Term
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Definition
-thinner walled
-body to heart @ low velocity & pressure
-skeletal muscle contractions push blood along
-valves |
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Term
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Definition
-lack 2 outer wall layers
-thin walls |
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Term
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Definition
| systolic/diastolic = pump/fill = contraction/relaxation |
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Term
| factors that affect blood pressure |
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Definition
| stress, standing vs. sitting, sex, family history, diet, physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
-filter lymph (gets rid of toxins, bacteria)
-collect interstitial fluid : stops edema
-makes WBCs (lymphocytes) |
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Term
| components of blood (& fxs) |
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Definition
1. WBCs: immunity
2. RBS: transport O2/CO2
3. platelets: clotting factor
4. plasma : water- dissolves thins, temp. reg., transport |
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Term
| needed for blood clotting |
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Definition
| proteins (fibrin), platelets, calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| death of heart muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of 1+ coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| death of nervous tissue in the brain, resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head |
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Term
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Definition
| plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries narrowing their bore |
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Term
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Definition
| 'hardening of the arteries' plaques in the arteries become hardened by calcium deposits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of the animal where gas exchange occurs
need high surface area, moist, thin |
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Term
| sponges, cnidarians, flatworms: respiratory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gills, water passes over fill lamellae (increase SA) |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains concentration gradient over entire length of capillaries and gills |
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Term
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Definition
| tracheal system - branches internal tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| gills when aquatic, lungs and moist skin when terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| path of airflow through lungs |
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Definition
| nostrils > pharynx > glottis > larynx (vocal cords) > trachea (windpipe) > bronchi > bronchioles > air sacs (alveoli) |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 levels - medulla - O2 sensors - pH |
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Term
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Definition
| hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal-special Hgb that binds O2 better than mums |
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Term
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Definition
| once 1 O2 molecule binds to hemoglobin, it increases the change that other O2 molecules with bind (same for release) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hgb
2. plasma
3. disguise as H2CO3 or HCO3 (carbonic acid, bicarbonate) |
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Term
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Definition
| skin, mucous, tears, saliva |
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Term
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Definition
(non-specific)
-phagocytosis (macrophages)
-complement proteins (MAC-membrane
attack complex)
-inflamatory response |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of capillaries, release of histamines, attract WBC, fever, swelling |
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Term
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Definition
immune system - specific
-antigens, antibodies
-B cells and T cells
-immunological memory |
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Term
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Definition
| get sick and make antibodies, vaccines, permanent |
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Term
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Definition
-mum-breast milk
-eg. rabies, transfer antibodies from 1 person to another
-temp. |
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Term
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Definition
B cells
extracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
T cells
intracellular pathogens (ie cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
| send chemical messages (cytokines and interleukin) to stimulate B and killer T cells |
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Term
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Definition
kill damaged host cells
perforin busts holes in cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| antibody structure and function |
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Definition
Variable- makes immune system able to respond to a variety of invaders
Constant- specific yet diverse |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system over responds to harmless invader |
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Term
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Definition
| body can't distinguish between self and non self; syst. attacks self |
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Term
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Definition
| SCID: born without B and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
B cells: mature in bone marrow
humoral response
T cells: mature in thymus
cellular response system |
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Term
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Definition
| keep internal environment fairly constant no matter how environment changes |
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Term
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Definition
| allow internal environment to change with external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolism doubles with every 10degreeC increase in temp |
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Term
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Definition
'cold blded'
low metabolic rate
heat generated is too small to affect body |
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Term
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Definition
'warm blded'
much higher metabolic rate- generates enough heat to keep body warm- high cell resp. - allows vigorous activity |
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Term
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Definition
| when too hot take blood to skin and lose heat by evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| when too cold, vasoconstrict to preserve heat in vital organs |
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Term
| mammals and birds: thermoregulation |
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Definition
high metabolic rate (endotherms)
shiver, brown fat, insulation, vasocontrict/dilate |
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Term
| amphibians and reptiles: thermoregulation |
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Definition
| low metabolic rate (ectotherms) behavioral adaptations - use vasocontrctn/dltn |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| invertebrates: thermoregulation |
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Definition
| most are conformers - little control over body temp |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement - move specific solutes in particular direction |
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Term
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Definition
-aquatic species
-very soluble but very toxic
-in amphibians, shell-less eggs-diffuses into H2O |
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Term
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Definition
-terrestrial
-lower toxicity but costs more energy expenditure
-way to conserve water |
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Term
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Definition
-lowest toxicity
-lowest solubility
-paste or powder
-shelled eggs - reptiles, birds, can't diffuse out |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal that does not actively adjusts its internal osmolarity because its isotonic with environment |
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Term
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Definition
| protonephridium: an excretory system consisting of a network of closed tubules having external openings called nephridiopares, and lacking internal openings |
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Term
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Definition
| metanephridium: excretory tubule with internal openings called nephroostomes that collect body fluids and external openings called nephridiopores |
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Term
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Definition
| malphigian tubules: excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitreogenous wasters from the blood, and functions in osmoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
proximal tubule
loop of henle
collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glomerulus > bowmans capsule > proximal tubule > loop of henle > distal tubule > collecting duct > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra > out |
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Term
| terrestrial adaptation to conserve water |
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Definition
| must concentrate urine ito minimize water loss - job of the loop of henle is to do this |
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Term
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Definition
| water balance - causes water reabsorption (water is taken back into blood not excreted in urine) alcohol inhibits |
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Term
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Definition
| triggered by decrease blood volume/pressure. angiotensilli will increase BP by arteriole contrictions/aldosterone increases Na+ reabs. |
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