Term
| The plasma membrane is______ which means only certains molecules can pass through. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of molecules flow through the membrane freely? What are some examples of these types of molecules? |
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Definition
| small non-charged lipid molecules; alcohol and oxygen |
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Term
| Small polar molecules like carbon dioxide and water: do they go from high to low concentration or low to high? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____and_____can not easily pass through the hydrophobic bilayer of the membrane. |
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Definition
| ions and charged molecules |
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Term
| Both____and____ mechanisms move across the mebrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____moves molecules across the membrane without using energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Passive transport includes______and_____. |
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Definition
| diffusion and facilitated transport |
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Term
| Active transport requires_____and uses energy to move molecules across the membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| When it is talking about energy being used to transport things in a cell, what is that called? |
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Definition
| ATP-adrenosine triphosphate |
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Term
| What are the three types of active transport? |
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Definition
| exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
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Term
| A solute is usually a _____and a solvent is usually a_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four examples of things that influence the rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
| temperature, pressure, electrical currents, molecular size |
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Term
| _____is the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______is the the pressure that develops in such a system due to osmosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Osmotic pressure results in water being absorbed by the______and water being taken up from the_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is the strength of a solution with respect to osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Istoninc solutions occure where the relative solute conentrations of two solutions are ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A 0.9% salt solution is used in injections because it is isotonic to_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hypotonic solution has a solute that is _____another another solution. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell and it may undergo______. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do plants maintain an erect position? |
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Definition
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Term
| Swelling of a plant cell in a hypotonic solution creates____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hypertonic solution has a solute concentration that is _____than another solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when a cell shrivels? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is the shrinking of the cytoplasm due to osmosis in hyptertonic solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| As the central vacuole loses water, what happens to the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| it pulls away from the cell wall |
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Term
| ______are emembrane proteins that combine with and transport only one type of molecule or ion; they are believed to undergo a change of shape to move the molecule across the membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is the transport of a specific solute down its concentration gradient from high to low, with the help of a carrier protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of substances that use facilitated transport to move across the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is transport of a specific solute across the plasma mebrane up its concentration gradient from low to high. |
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Definition
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Term
| Active transport is done through the use of_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What must cells have a high number of near the membranes where active transport occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins involved in active transport are often called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sodium potassium pump is an important carrier system in ___and___cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| In_____, a vesicle formed by the Golgi apparatus fuses with the plasma mebrane as secretion occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| During_____, cells take in substances by vesicle formation as plasma membrane pinches off. |
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Definition
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Term
| In_____,cells engulf large particles forming an endocytic vesicle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of cells commonly perform phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the endocytic vesicle fuses with a ____, digestion of the internalized substance occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles; this is only visble with electron microscopy. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______occurs wehn specific macromolecules bind to plasma mebrane receptors. |
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Definition
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _____between cells are points of contact between cells that allow them to behave ina coordinate manner. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____junctions mechanically attach adjacent cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| In ____, internal cytoplasmmic plaques, firmly attached to cytoskeleton within each cell are joined by intercellular filaments; they hold cells together where tissues stretch. |
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Definition
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Term
| in_____, a single point of attachment between adjacent cells connects teh cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| in______plasma mebrane proteins attach in zipper like fastings; tehy hold cells together so tightsly that the tissues are barriers. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a gap junction allow cells to do? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are gap junctions formed? |
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Definition
| when two indentical plasma mebrane channels join |
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Term
| The______is a meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins produced by animal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives the matrix strength? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives the matrix resilience? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibronectins and laminins bind to membrane receptors and permit communication between the_____and_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____are glycoproteins that provide a packing gel that joins the various proteins in matrix and most likely regulate signaling proteins that bind to receptors in the plasma protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants cells are surrounded by a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do pectins allow the cell wall to do? Where are tehse pectins abdundant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do non-cellulose polysaccharides to the cell wall of mature plat cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____adds strength and is a common ingredient of a secondary cell walls in woody plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______are narrow membrane lined channels that pass through cell walls of neighboring cells and connect thier cytroplasms allowing direct exchange of molecules and ions between neighboring plant cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____is the capacity to do work. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____the energy of motion. _____is stored energy. ____is chemical energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical energy can be converted into _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy)? |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| Can plants or animals create energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to energy if it is not destroyed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| energy cannot be changed from one form into another without a loss of usable energy |
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Term
| ____can never be converted back into another form of energy. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____is the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____are substances that participate in a reaction while____are substances that form as a result of a reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____is teh amount of energy available after a chemical reaction has occured. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unique about an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| products have more free energy than the reactants |
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Term
| endergonic reactions can only occur if there is a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____is the common energy currency of cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more ____an organism is, the greater demand for ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is constantly being generated from ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only_____% of the free energy of glucose is tansformed to ATP. the rest is lost as heat. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the structure of ATP? |
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Definition
| a nitrogen base containing the five carbon sugar called ribsose, three phosphate groups. A nitrogen base, The carbon sugar ribsoe, Phosphate groups--three of them |
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Term
| In_____, the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is required for amino acids to hook together and form a protein? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What aret hree obvious uses of ATP? |
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Definition
| chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work |
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|
Term
| What is a metabolic pathway? |
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Definition
| a series of linked reactions |
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Term
| What is the name of the protein molecule that functions as a catalyst? |
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Definition
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Term
| The reactants in an enzymatic reaction are called the _____for that enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy that must be added to casuse molecules to react with one another is called the_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the part of the enzyme that binds with the substrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the enzyme and the substrate fit perfectly together in the active site? |
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Definition
| no, so the induced fit model was created where the enzyme alters a little bit |
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Term
| After the product is released the _____returns to its orginal state. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an enzyme is not present, is the energy of activation higher or lower? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give examples of substrates and their enzymes. The substrate lipid has an enzyme called____. The substrate urea has an enzyme called____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes speed reactions by forming a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules must____to react. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are four factors that affect enzyme speed? |
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Definition
| susbtrate concentration, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration |
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|
Term
| Thre greater the concentration of substrates, does enzyme activity increase or decrease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As temperature rises, what happens to enzymatic speed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If the temperature rises beyond a certain point, what happens? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Many enzymes require the presence of an inorganic ion or nonprotein organic molecule in order to be active, these necessary ions or moelcules are called ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The nonprotein organic molecules are called____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is one way to activate an enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| In _____, the substarte and the inhibitor are both able to bind to the enzyme's active site and each spends time complexing with the enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _____, the inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site. |
|
Definition
| noncompetitive inhibition |
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Term
| Both competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibtion are also examples of ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When enzyme inhibition is ____, the inhibitor permanently inactivates or destroys the enzyme. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____is the loss of electrons and ____is the gain of electrons. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The production of ATP due to a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is called ____. |
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Definition
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