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the process of continual change that the earth undergoes
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| darwin made two major points |
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| 1 presented evidence that the many species of organisms presently inhabiting the earth are descendants of ancestral species. 2 proposed a mechanism for the evolutionary process, natural selection. |
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| scientists believe that evolution is ever occurring and takes millions of years. |
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| darwin devoloped two main ideas |
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1. evolution explains life's unity and diversity
2. natural selection is a cause of adaptative evolution |
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1 for any species, population sizes would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reporduced successfully.
2.populations tend to be stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations
3 production of more individuals that the enviroment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring survivng
4 members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics
5much of this variation is heritable |
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| are similarities resulting from common ancestry |
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| organs that are not needed to survive |
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| is a chang in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation |
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| total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time, consists of all gene loci in all individuals of the population |
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| preserves genetic variation in a population |
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p2 & q2= homozygous
2pq = heterozygous |
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| the five conditions for non-evolving populations |
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extremely large population size
no gene flow
no mutations
random mating
no natural selection |
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| duplicates chromosome segments |
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| occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a large population, can affect allele frequencies in a population |
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| can be classified on an either-or-basis |
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| vary along a continuum within a population |
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| describes a population in which two or more distinct morphs for a character are each represented i high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable |
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| are the heritable components of characters that occur along a continuum in a population |
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| maintains genetic variaiton in the form of hidden recessive alleles |
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| is genetic variation that appears to confer no selective advantage |
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| the natural selection for mating success, can result in sexual dimorphism, marked differences between the sexes in the secondary sexual characteristics. |
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| impede mating between species or hinder the fertilization of ova if members of different species attempt to mate |
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| often prevent the hybrid zygote from devoloping into a viabl, fertile adult. |
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| morphological species concept |
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| characterizes a species in terms of its body shape, size, and other structural features. |
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| paleontological species concept |
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| focuses on morphologically discrete species known only from the fossil record |
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| the ecological species concept |
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| views a species in terms of its ecological niche |
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| the phylogenetic species concept |
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| defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history |
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| takes place in geographically overlapping populations |
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| takes place where there are geographic barriers |
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| presence of extra sets of chromosomes in cells due to acciedents during cell division, has caused the evolution of some plant species. |
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| is an individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species. |
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| is a species with multiple sets of chromosome derived from different species |
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| is the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to ne enviromental oppurtunities |
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| is an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of devolopmental events, can have a significant impact on body shape |
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| is the porportioning that helps give a body its specific form |
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| the rate of reproductive development accelerates compared to somative development, the sexually mature species may retain body features that were juvenile structures in ancestral species. |
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| determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a flowers parts are arranged |
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| the product of homeotic genes, provide positional information in the development of fins in fish and limbs in tetrapods |
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| increases number of genes in the genome and icreases the oppurtunities for evolutionary change |
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| are genes found in a single copy in the genome, can diverge only once speciation has taken place |
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| genes with multiple copies, can diverge withinthe clade. |
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| is the ordered division of organisms into categories based on a setof characteristics used to assess similarities and differences |
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| is a depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa |
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| is defined as a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
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