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| a molecule that has a mass of over 100,000 daltons |
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| a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
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| the repeating units that serve as building blocks of polymers |
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| when monomers are covalently boned to each other through loss of a water molecule |
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| another term for a condensation reaction |
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| a process that is pretty much the opposite of a dehydration reaction, when polymers are disassembled into monomers by addition of a water molecule. |
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| sugars and the polymers of sugars |
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single sugars [simple sugars]
examples include glucose, fructose, and other hexoses, trioses and pentoses. |
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| two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
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| a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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| macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
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| a storage polysaccharide of plants, a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers |
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a polymer of glucose stored by animals
humans mostly store glycogen in liver and muscle cells |
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| a polysaccharide that is a major component of cell walls in plants |
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| a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods [insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals] to build their exoskeletons |
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Definition
| a class of large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers, they are all hydrophobic |
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Definition
| constructed from glycerol and fatty acids |
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Definition
| has a long carbon skeleton, at one end is a carboxyl group |
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Definition
| when 3 fatty acids join to glycerol by an ester linkage |
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Definition
| when a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group bond |
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Definition
| when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain, allowing as many hydrogen atoms as possible to bond to the caron skeleton [aka, saturated with hydrogen] |
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| has one or more double bonds, formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton |
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| similar to a fat, but has only two fatty acids attched to glycerol |
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| lipids characterized by a acaron skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
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| a steroid, a common component of animal cell membranes and the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized |
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Definition
| regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts |
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| chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction |
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| one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations |
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| organic molecules possessing a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and an R group |
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| a covalent bond caused when 2 amnino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of another, resulting in a dehydration reaction, causing a covalent bond |
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| when a protein loses its native conformation due to a change in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other parts of its environment |
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Definition
| protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
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Definition
| a method used to determine a protein's 3-dimensional structure |
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] |
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Definition
| provides direction for its own replication, also directs RNA synthesis and controls protein synthesis |
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Definition
| conveys the genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
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| nucleic acids that exist as polymers |
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Definition
a monomer of a polynucleotide
a nucleotide is made up of a nitrogenous base, a pentose, and a phosphate group |
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Definition
a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
members of this family are cytosine [C], thymine [T], and uracil [U] |
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Definition
larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
members of this family include adenine [A] and guanine [G] |
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Definition
| the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in RNA |
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| the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in DNA |
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| the structure of a DNA [2 polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis] |
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| when 2 sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions from each other |
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