Disaccharides can differ from each other in all of the following ways except

a. in the number of their monosaccharides.

b. as enantiomers

c. in the monomers involved.

d. in the location of their glycosidic linkage.

e. in their structural formulas.

Plants sotre most of their energy foe later use as

a. undaturated fats.

b. saturated fats.

c. starch.

d. sucrose.

e. cellulose.

Three molecules of the fatty acid C₁₆H₃₂O₂ are joined to a molecule of glycerol (C₃H₈O₃). The resulting molecules has the formula

a. C₄₈H₉₆O₆

b. C₄₈H₉₈O₉

c. C₅₁H₁₀₂O₈

d. C₅₁H₉₈O₆

e. C₅₁H₁₀₄O₉

Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because 

a. they can produce the enzyme that break the βlinkages between glucose molecules.

b. they chew and rechew their cud so that cellulose fibers are finally broken down.

c. its rumin contains prokaryotes that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose.

d. their intestinal tract contains termites, which harbor microbes that hydrolyze cellulose. 

e. they can convert cellulose to starch and then hydrolyze starch to glucose.

How are the nucleotide monomers connected to form a polynucleotide?

a. hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous base pairs.

b. ionic attractions between phosphate groups.

c, disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids.

d. covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.

e. ester linkages between the caboxyl group of one nucleotide and the hyrdroxyl group on the ribose of the next

Which of the following would be the major component of the cell membrane of a fungus?

a. cellulose

b. chitin

c. cholesterol

d. phospholipids

e. unsaturated fatty acids

Which of the following is/ are not found in a prokaryotic cell?

a. ribosomes

b. plasma membrane

c. mitochondria

d. a and c

e. a, b, and c

Resolution of a microscope is

a. the distance between two separate points.

b. the sharpness or clarity of an image.

c. the degre of magnification of an image.

d. the depth of focus on a specimen's surface.

e. the wavelength of light.

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its function?

a. peroxisome - contains enzymes that breaks down H₂O₂

b. nucleolus - produces ribosomal RNA, assembles ribosome subunits

c. Golgi apparatis - processes, tags, and ships cellular products

d. lysosome - food sac formed by phagocytosis

e. ECM (extracellular matrix) - supports and anchors cells, communicates information with inside of cell

The cells of an ant and an elephant are, on average, the same size;  and elephant just has more cell. What is the main advantage of small cell size?

a. Small cells are easier to organize into tissues and organs.

b. A small cell has a larger plasma membrane surface area than does a large cell, facilitating the exchange of sufficient materials with its environment.

c. A small cell has a smaller cytoplasmic volume  relative to its surface area which helps to ensure the exchange of sufficient materials across its plasma membrane.

d. Small cells require less oxygen than do large cells. 

e. The cytoskeleton of a large cell would have to be so large that cells would be too heavy.

In which cell would you expect to find...

a. muscle cell in the thigh muscle if a long-distance runner

b. pancreatic cell that manufactures digestive enzymes

c. macrophage ( white blood cell) that engulfs bacteria.

d. epithelial cell lining digestive tract

e. ovarian cell that produces strong estrogen ( a steroid hormone)

• the most tight junctions?
• d. epithelial cell lining digestive tract

• the most lysosomes?
• c. macrophage ( white blood cell) that engulfs bacteria.
• the most smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
• b. pancreatic cell that manufactures digestive enzymes
• the most bound ribosomes?
• e. ovarian cell that produces strong estrogen ( a steroid hormone)
• the most mitochondria?
• a. muscle cell in the thigh muscle if a long-distance runner

A single layer of phospholipid molecules coats the water in a beaker. Which part of the molecules will face the air?

a. the phophate groups

b. the hydrocarbon tails

c. both head and tail because the molecules are amphipathic and will lie sideways

d. the glycolipid regions

e. The phospholipids would dissolve in the water and not form a membrane coat.

Facilitated diffusion of ions across a ellular membrane requires _____ and the ions move _________.

a. energy and transport proteins... against their electrochemical gradient 

b. energy and transport proteins ... against their concentration gradient

c. contransport proteins ... against their electrochemical gradient

d. transport proteins ... down their electrochemical gradient

e. transport proteins... down their concentration gradient

Exocytosis may involve all of the following except 

a. ligands and coated pits.

b. the fushion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane.

c. a mechanism to export some carbohydrates during the formation of plant cell walls.

d. a mechanism to rejuvenate the plasma membrane.

e. a means of exporting large molecules.

Pinocytosis involves

a. the fushion of a newly formed food vacuole with a lysosome.

b. receptor-mediated endocytosis that involves binding of a ligand.

c. the pinching in of the plasma membrance around small droplets of external fluid.

d. the secretion of cell fluid.

e. the accumulation of specific molecules in a cell.

After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?

a. The water level is higher in side A than in side B.

b. The water level is higher in side B than in side A. 

c. The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than in side B.

d. The molarity of sucrose has increased in side A.

e. Both a and c have occurred.

You observe plant cells under a microscope as they are placed in an unknown solution. First the cells plasmolyze; after a minute , the plasmolysis reverses and the cells appear normal. What would you conclude about the unknown solution?

a. It is hypertonic to the plant cells, and its solute cannot cross the plant cell membrances.

b. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, and its solute cannot cross the plant cell membranes.

c. It is isotonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell membranes.

d. It is hypertonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell membranes.

e. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell membranes.

When glucose and O₂ are converted to CO₂ and H₂O, changes in total energy, entropy, and free energy are as follows:

a. -ΔH, -ΔS, -ΔG

b. -ΔH, +ΔS, -ΔG

c. -ΔH, +ΔS, +ΔG

d. +ΔH, +ΔS, +ΔG

e. +ΔH, -ΔS,+ΔG

When amino acids join to form a protein, the following energy and entropy changes apply:

a. +ΔH, -ΔS, +ΔG

b.+ΔH, +ΔS, -ΔG

c. +ΔH, +ΔS, +ΔG

d. -ΔH, +ΔS, +ΔG

e. -ΔH, -ΔS, +ΔG

A negative ΔG means that

a. the quantity G of energy is available to do work.

b. the reaction is spontaneous.

c. the reactants have more free energy than the products.

d. the reaction is exergonic.

e. all of the above are true.

When substance A was added to an enzyme  reaction, product formation decreased. The addition of more substrate did not increase product formation. From this we conclude that substance A could be

a. product molecules.

b. a cofactor.

c. an allosteric enzyme.

d. a competitive inhibitor.

e. a noncompetitive inhibitor.

Zinc, an essential trace element, may be found bound to the active site of some enzymes. What would be the most likely function of such zinc ions?

a. coenzyme derived from a vitamin

b. a cofactor necessary for catalysis

c. a substrate of the enzyme

d. a competitive inhiitor of the enzyme

e. an allosteric activator of the enzyme

When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, 

a. CO₂ and ATP are released.

b, a mutienzyme complex removes a carboxyl group, transfers electrons to NAD+, and attaches a coenzyme.

c. one turn of the citric acid cycle is completed.

d. NAD+ is regenerated so that glycolysis can continue to produce ATP by substrate level phorylation.

e. phosphofructokinase is activated and glycolysis continues.

How many molecules of CO₂ are generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA introduced into the citric acid cycle?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 6

b. 2

The metabolic function of fermentation is to 

a. oxidize NADH to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.

b. reduce NADH so taht more ATP can be produced by the electron transport chain.

c. produce lactate during aerobic exercise.

d. oxidize pyruvate, thus releasing more energy.

e. make beer.

Which of the following is mismatched with its location?

a. light reaction-grana

b. electron transport chain- thylakoid membrane

c. Calvin cycle- stroma

d. ATP synthase- double membrane surrounding chloroplast

e. splitting of water- thylakoid space

Photosynthesis is a redox process in which

a. CO₂ is reduced and water is oxidized.

b. NADP+ is reduced and RuBP is oxidized.

d. CO₂, NADP+, and water are reduced.

d. O₂ acts as an oxidizing agent and water acts as a reducing agent.

e. G3P is reduced and the electron transport chain is oxidized.

Linear electron flow along with chemiosmosis in the chloroplast results in the production of

a. ATP only

b. ATP and NADPH.

c. ATP and G3P.

d. ATP and O₂.

e. ATP, NADPH, and O₂.

The chlorophyll known as P680+ has its electron "holes" filled by electrons from

a. photosystem I

b. photosystem II.

c. water

d. NADPH.

e. accessory pigments.

CAM plants avoid photorespiration by

a. fixing CO₂ into organic acids during the night; these acids then release CO₂ during the day.

b. performing the Calvin Cycle at night.

c. fixing CO₂ into four-carbon compounds in the bundle sheath cells.

d. using PEP carboxylate to fix CO₂ to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

e. keeping their stomata closed during the day.

What portion of an illuminated plat cell would you expect to have the lowest pH?

a. nucleus

b. cytosol

c. chloroplast

d. stroma of chloroplast

e. thylakoid space

How does cyclic electron flow differ from linear electron flow?

a. No NADPH is produced by cyclic electron flow.

b. No O₂ is produced by cyclic electron flow.

c. The cytochrome complex in the electron transport chain is not involved in cyclic electron flow.

d. Both a and b are correct.

e. a, b, and c are correct.

d. Both a and b are correct.