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Definition
releases energy, can be spontaneous or may require energy
:delta:G is negative |
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stores energy, nonspontaneous, :delta: G is positive (photosynthesis)
absorbs free energy from its surroundings |
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Definition
| :delta" G = 0, otherwise known as dead,maximum stability |
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Definition
specialized proteins that speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the initial investment of energy required to break bonds (called activation energy)
catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions |
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Definition
| amount of energy necessary to push the reactions over an energy barrier |
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Definition
| reactant an enzyme binds to |
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Definition
| the region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate (usually a pocket or groove) |
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Definition
| when an enzyme and substrate bind together |
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Definition
| "the active site thereby embraces the substate more snugly, like a clasping handshake" |
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Term
| How do enzymes reduce the activation energy needed to break chemical bonds? |
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Definition
1. providing a template for 2 or more reactants to come together in proper orientation for a reaction to occur between them
2. may directly participate in the reaction
3.strain the bonds of substrates (to decrease the energy needed to break chemical bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
when all the active sites are engaged
the only way to increase the activity would be to add enzymes |
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Definition
| some enzymes require nonprotein cofactors for catalytic activity |
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Definition
| enzyme that is bound to a cofactor |
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Definition
| cofactor that bonds irriversibly to a an enzyme |
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Definition
organic cofactor
(bind reversibly) |
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Definition
temporarily or permanently prevent enzymes from catalyzing reactions
covalent bonds=permanent
weak bonds = reversible
stabilize the conformation that lacks the active site (allosteric inhibitors) |
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Term
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Definition
binds to the same site as the substrate blocking the substrate from binding
can be overcome by increasing the amount of substrate |
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Definition
bind somewhere that isnt the active site on an enzyme but slows the speed of reactions
binding causes the enzyme to change shape rendering the enzyme less affective for catalyzing reactions |
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Term
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Definition
a specific receptor on the enzyme that is not the active site
binding to these molecules causes a change in shape that distorts the active site |
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Definition
| stabilize the conformation that has a functional active site |
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Definition
| in which a metabolic pathway is turned off by its end product |
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