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sharing a pair of valence electrons
Number of electrons required to complete an atom’s valence shell determines how many bonds will form |
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| one atom more electronegative than the other |
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Hydrogen bonds result from electrostatic attraction between an electronegative atom (e.g., O or N) and a hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently to a second electronegative atom.
(Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom ) |
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High electronegativity difference strips valence electrons away from another atom
Electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms) |
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| positive ion (talking about ionic bonding) |
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| negative ion (talking about ionic bonding) |
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| van der waals interaction |
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| Van Der Waals interactions are short-range attractive forces between positively- and negatively-charged regions of molecules (caused by these transient accumulations of electrons). |
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| H+ bonds holding molecules together |
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| H+ bonds holding molecules to another substance |
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aka sweating (ew haha)
when water molecules onthe skin evaporate the water remaining becomes cooler |
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| which is more dense water(ice) or water (liquid)? |
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water liquid
Less dense as solid than liquid
Due to hydrogen bonding
Crystalline lattice keeps molecules at a distance |
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| the extent to which a compound (the solute) dissolves in the liquid (solvent) |
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| increases H+ of a solution |
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| reduces the H+ concentration of a solution |
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| substances that resist changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ |
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| make and break chemical bonds |
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| starting products of a chemical reaction |
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| ending materials of a chemical reaction |
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| type of chemical reaction that joins together A+B->AB |
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| type of chemical reaction that breaks up AB->A+B |
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| type of chemical reaction that rearranges atoms AB+CD->AC+BD |
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| when forward reactions occur at the same rate as reverse reactions |
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| Different forms of elements in nature, due to variation in the number of neutrons |
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Unstable isotopes, in which the nucleus decays spontaneously
used to determine the age of fossils by radiometric dating
Radioactive isotopes are also used as diagnostic tools in medicine by serving as radioactive tracers |
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