Term
| Nerve I Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory, Sensory (smell), No Motor, No PS fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve II Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Optic, Sesnory (vision), No Motor, No PS fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve III Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? Function |
|
Definition
Oculomotor, Not Sensory, Motor Function, PS fibers.
Function: Moves eyes |
|
|
Term
| Nerve IV Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? Function |
|
Definition
Trochlear, Not Sensory, Motor Function, No PS fibers.
Turns eye downward and laterally |
|
|
Term
| Nerve V Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
Trigeminal, Sensory (general sensation), Motor Function, No PS fibers.
Chewing; Face & mouth touch & pain |
|
|
Term
| Nerve VI Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
Abducens, Not Sensory, Motor Function, No PS fibers.
Turns eye laterally |
|
|
Term
| Nerve VII Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Facial, Sensory (Taste) has all 3. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve VIII Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Vestibulocochlear, Sensory (hearing and balance), Some Motor Function, No PS fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve IX Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Glossopharyngeal, Sensory Function (taste), Motor Function, PS Fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve X Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Vagus, Sensory (taste) Has all 3. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve XI Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
Accessory, No sensory, Motor function, no PS fibers.
Innervates trapezius & sternocleidomastoid |
|
|
Term
| Nerve XII Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? |
|
Definition
Hypoglossal, No sensory, Motor function, no PS fibers.
Tongue Movements |
|
|
Term
| Classification of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
CNS - PNS
PNS - Sensory (afferent) division & Motor (efferent) division
Motor (efferent) division- Somatic NS Autonomic NS (ANS)
ANS- Sympathetic division, Parasympathetic (PS) division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mapping of the body in CNS structures |
|
|
Term
| Premotor Cortex Location and Function |
|
Definition
Anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
Controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature, such as playing a musical instrument or typing. Memory bank for skilled motor activity. |
|
|
Term
| Broca's Area Location & Function |
|
Definition
Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area. Present only in one hemisphere (usually the left).
Deals with speech motor functions and planning speech. Also deals with planning motor functions in general. |
|
|
Term
| Frontal Eye Field Location & Function |
|
Definition
Partly in and anterior to the premotor cortex. Superior to Broca's area.
Controls voluntary movement of the eyes. |
|
|
Term
| 4 brain areas associated with motor control |
|
Definition
| Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex, Broca's Area, Frontal Eye Field |
|
|
Term
| The 8 sensory areas of the brain |
|
Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, auditory areas, olfactory complex, gustatory complex, visceral sensory area, vestibular cortex |
|
|
Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex Location & Function |
|
Definition
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe. Posterior to the primary motor cortex.
Receives signals from the skin, muscles, joints, and tendons. Has the ability of spatial discrimination which identifies what region is being stimulated. |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory Association Complex Location & Function |
|
Definition
Posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex.
To integrate sensory inputs such as temperature, pressure, and so forth & relay to the somatosensory cortex to produce an understanding of an object being felt: it's size, texture, and the relationship of its parts. Helps you to recognize coins or keys without looking at them. |
|
|
Term
| Two sensory visual area locations and functions |
|
Definition
Primary visual (striate) cortex
Location: Posterior tip of the occipital lobe buried in the calcarine sulcus
Function: Receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye.
Visual association area
Location: Surrounds the primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe.
Function: Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli, enabling us to recognize a flower or a person's face. |
|
|
Term
| Two Auditory Areas Location and Function |
|
Definition
Primary Audio Cortex
Location: Superior margin of temporal lobe abutting the lateral sulcus.
Function: Details pitch, loudness, and location
Auditory Association Area
Location: Wernicke's area
Function: Interprets sounds as speech, music, or particular noises. |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory Cortex Location and Function |
|
Definition
Location: Medial aspect of temporal lobe
Function: sense of smell and smell associations (smell memory) |
|
|
Term
| Gustatory Cortex Location and Function |
|
Definition
Location: Insula deep to the temporal lobe
Function: Taste |
|
|
Term
| Visceral Sensory Area Location and Function |
|
Definition
Location: Cortex of insula posterior to the gustatory cortex.
Function: conscious perception of visceral sensations. (ie: upset stomach, full bladder, and the feeling received when breath is held too long) |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex Location and Function |
|
Definition
Location: Posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex.
Function: Balance |
|
|
Term
| Three Multimodal Association Areas (p. 439) |
|
Definition
| Anterior Association Area (aka prefrontal cortex), Posterior Association Area, Limbic Association Area |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Association Location & Function |
|
Definition
The frontal lobe, also called prefrontal cortex.
Involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (called cognition), recall, and personality. Contains working memory necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning. |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Association Area Location & Function |
|
Definition
Large area encompassing parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole. Many parts of this area are involved in written and spoken languages. |
|
|
Term
| Limbic Association Area Location & Function |
|
Definition
Includes the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampus.
Part of the limbic system; provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us. Provides a sense of danger & emotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fact that each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for different tasks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps brain communicate with itself, consists largely of myelinated fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Three fiber types of cerebral white matter |
|
Definition
| Comissures, Association Fibers, Projection Fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres enabling them to function as a coordinated whole. |
|
|
Term
| Association Fibers (two kinds) |
|
Definition
| Connect different parts of the same hemisphere. Short a fibers connect adjacent gyri. Long a fibers are bundled into tracts and connect different cortical lobes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either enter the cerebral cortex from lower brain or cord centers or descend from the cortex to lower areas. Sensory information and motor output travels through these fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiating Crown; fibers radiate fanlike through the cerebral white matter to the cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Basal Nuclei or Basal Ganglia 3 Parts |
|
Definition
| Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subcortical motor centers important in initiation of skeletal muscle movements. |
|
|
Term
| 7 Chief homeostatic roles of the pituitary gland |
|
Definition
| Autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, control of endocrine system functioning |
|
|
Term
| Three parts of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
| Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relay stations in conduction of sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation, and impulses to and from cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum. The thalamus is also involved in memory processing. |
|
|
Term
| Thalamus Location & Function |
|
Definition
Forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle. Center of the brain.
The relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus Location & Function (8) |
|
Definition
Sits just on top of the midbrain.
The main visceral control center of the body. Homeostatic roles include: Autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, control of system functioning.
Part of the limbic system. |
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus Location & Function |
|
Definition
Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon and forms the roof of the third ventricle.
Functions the same as the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Pineal Gland Location & Function |
|
Definition
| Extends from the epithalamus, secretes the hormone melatonin. |
|
|
Term
| Midbrain 2 Parts & 3 Functions |
|
Definition
Pain suppression and fight of flight response, conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers.
Superior colliculi-visual reflex centers coordinate head eye movements, track moving objects
Inferior colliculi-auditory relay, startle reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White matter between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. Has respiratory nuclei that cooperate with the medullary respiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth. |
|
|
Term
| Medulla Oblongata Location & Function |
|
Definition
Inferior most part of the brain stem, blends imperceptibly into the spinal cord.
Where the crossover of brain function occurs.
Conduction pathway between higher brain centers and spinal cod, and site of decussation of the pyrimidal tracts.
Has visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Limbic System Brief Definition |
|
Definition
| A functional system involving cerebral and diencephalon structures that mediates emotional response; also involved in memory processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processes information from cerebral motor cortex and from proprioceptors and visual and equilibruim pathways, and provides instruction" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers that result in proper balance and posture and smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements. |
|
|
Term
| Limbic System Location & Two important parts & functions (hippocampus role of limbic system) |
|
Definition
A group of structures located on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon.
Amygdala- Recognizes angry and fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response. Also along with the hippocampus play a role in memory.
Cingulate Gyrus- plays a role in expressing our emotions through gestures and in resolving mental conflicts when we are frustrated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of loosely clustered neurons in what is otherwise white matter. Forms three broad columns midline 'Raphe nuclei', lateral 'medial (large cell) group', and the 'lateral (small cell) group' of nuclei.
Neurons project throughout the brain, making it ideal for whole brain arousal. |
|
|
Term
| Reticular Activating System |
|
Definition
| Has synapses with all of the great ascending sensory tracts. Filters 99% of sensations to prevent sensation overload. Deals largely with wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Alar Plate & Ventral Basal Plate |
|
Definition
Alar Plate Neuroblasts become interneurons. Axons emerge form white matter of spinal cord.
Basal Plate Neuroblasts develop into motor neurons and sprout axons that grow out the effector organs. |
|
|
Term
| Division of spinal horn responsibilities |
|
Definition
Dorsal- Sensory Input
Lateral- Autonomic motor function, meets up with ventral root
Ventral- Motor Function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell bodies reside in ganglia. Conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors where they synapse with second order neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reside in dorsal horn. Transmit impulses to the thalamus or the cerebellum where they synapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell bodies in the thalamus. Relay impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
| 5 Major Ascending (Sensory) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts |
|
Definition
Fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis (dorsal white column
Lateral Spinothalamic
Ventral spinothalamic
From the lower limbs and trunk only:
Dorsal spinocerebellar
ventral spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
| 6 Major Descending (motor) pathways and spinal cord tracts |
|
Definition
Direct (pyramidal):
Lateral corticospinal
Ventral Corticospinal
Indirect (Extrapyramidal):
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal |
|
|
Term
| Fasciculus Cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis (6) |
|
Definition
Ascending Dorsal; first order
syanpse with second order neurons in medulla, cross over and ascend to thalamus synapse with third order, thalamus transmits to somatosensory cortex
both transmit sensory imp from general sensory receptors of skin and proprioceptors; cutaneous from upper limbs, upper trunk, and neck. Gracilis from lower limbs and inferior body trunk |
|
|
Term
| Lateral spinothalamic (4) |
|
Definition
Ascending; second order internerons
decuss before ascending, synapse with third, thalamus to somatosensory
imp concerned with pain and temperature to opposite side of brain for interpretation by somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| ventral spinothalamic (3) |
|
Definition
second order internurons
ascend without crossing, syanpse with third order, thalamus to somatosensory cortex
transmits impulses concerned with crude touch and pressure to opposite side of brain |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal spinocerebellar (4) |
|
Definition
ascending dorsal lateral; second order neurons; ascensions without crossing, synapse in cerebellum
imp from trunk and lower limb proprioceptors on one side of the body to the same side of the cerebellum for subconscious procioception |
|
|
Term
| Ventral spinocerebellar (4) |
|
Definition
ascending lateral ventral; interneurons second order of dorsal horn; fibers cross, synapse in cerebellum
imp from the trunk and lower limb on the same side of the body to cerebellum for subconscious proprioception |
|
|
Term
| Lateral corticospinal (5) |
|
Definition
direct lateral descending; pyrimidal neurons of motor cortex of the cerebrum; decussate in medulla
terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly
imp from cerebrum to spinal cord somatic motor neurons; voluntary |
|
|
Term
| Ventral corticospinal (5) |
|
Definition
direct ventral descending
neurons of motor cortex; fibers decussate at spinal cord
terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly
imp from cerebrum to spinal cord somatic motor neurons; voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indirect ventral descending
originate and decussate at superior colliculus
terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly
turns neck so eyes can follow a moving object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventral descending indirect
originate in vestibular nuclei in medulla; no decussatation
terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly
imp maintain muscle tone and activate ipsilateral limb and trunk extensor muscles and muscles that move head; helps maintain balance through these actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventral indirect descending
originates in red nucleus of midbrain
terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly
(uncertain) transmits motor impulses concerned with muscle tone of distal limb muscles on opposite side of body |
|
|
Term
| Reticulospinal (ventral, medial, and lateral) |
|
Definition
indirect descending
originates in the reticular formation, both cross and uncrossed fibers
terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly
imp concerned with muscle tone and many visceral motor functions. May control most unskilled movements |
|
|
Term
| Practice drawing figure 12.33 on p. 471 (14 dif structures) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classification of Nerve types by stimulus (5) |
|
Definition
| Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors-respond to damage resulting in pain |
|
|
Term
| Classification of receptors by location (3) |
|
Definition
| Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors-found solely in skeletal muscles & measure movement |
|
|
Term
| List the structures of a nerve (8) |
|
Definition
| Axon, Nerve Fiber, Myelin Sheath, Endoneurium, Perineurium, Fascicle, Blood Vessels, Epineurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covering of a Nerve Fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covering of a bunch of nerve fibers or fascicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bunch of nerve fibers enclosed in a perineurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covering of a bunch of fascicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber (inside of endoneurium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Networks of spinal nerves in which fibers recombine into groups of fibers that form peripheral nerves and innervate the same area. |
|
|
Term
| Nerves that constitute the Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, and Sacral Plexuses |
|
Definition
Cervical (C1-C4)
Brachial (C5-C8 and T1)
Lumbar (L1-L4)
Sacral (L4-S4) |
|
|
Term
| Four specific functions of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation |
|
Definition
ATP hydrolysis phosphorylates myosin to shift the heads to a high energy state and thereby provides the energy for actin to slide when it binds to myosin and releases the energy in the myosin head.
ATP binding to myosin reduces the affinity of myosin for actin and allows detachment of the crossbridge for relaxation.
ATP powers the calcium pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and allows muscle relaxation.
ATP powers the sodium/potassium pump that maintains the gradients and is necessary to maintain the resting membrane potential in the muscle |
|
|
Term
| Seven Nerves of the Cervical Plexus |
|
Definition
| Lesser Optical, Greater Optical, Transverse cervical, supraclaviculuar, Ansa cervicalis, segmental and other muscular branches |
|
|
Term
| 10 nerves of brachial plexus |
|
Definition
| musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, axillary, dorsal scapular, long thoracic, subscapular, suprascapular, pectoral (later and medial) |
|
|
Term
| 6 Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus |
|
Definition
| Femoral, Obturator, Lateral femor acutaneous, Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral |
|
|
Term
| 6 Nerves of the Sacral Plexus (7) |
|
Definition
Sciatic Nerve- Tibial and Common Fibular
Superior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, Posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 types of autonomic receptors? |
|
Definition
Acetylcholine receptors (Cholinergic): Nicotenic, Muscarinic
Norepinephrine (and epinephrine) (Adrenergic): Beta-1, B-2, B-3, a-1, a-2 |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic Receptors Location and Effect (2) |
|
Definition
| All ganglionic neurons; adrenal medullary cells (also neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle); Excitatory |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic Receptors Location and Effect (6) |
|
Definition
All parasympathetic target organs; excitation in most cases; inhibition of cardiac muscle
limited sypmathetic targets: activate eccrine sweat glands, vasodilate blood vessels in skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| B-1 Receptor Location and Effect (4) |
|
Definition
Heart predominantly, but also kidneys and adipose tissue
increase heart rate and strenght; stimulates renin release by kidneys |
|
|
Term
| B-2 Receptor Location and Effect (4) |
|
Definition
Lungs and most other sympathetic target organs; abundant on blood vessels serving the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle
effects mostly inhibitory; dilates blood vessels and bronchioles; relaxes smooth muscle walls of digestive and urinary visceral organs; relaxes uterus |
|
|
Term
| B-3 Receptors Location and Effect (2) |
|
Definition
| Adipose tissue, stimulates lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| a-1 Receptors Location and Effect (7) |
|
Definition
Most importantly blood vessels serving the skin, mucosae, abdominal viscera, kidneys, and salivary glands; also, virtually all sympathetic target organs except heart
constricts blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters; dilates pupils of the eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane of andrenergic axon terminals; pancreas; blood platelets
inhibits NE release from andrenergic terminals; inhibits insulin secretion by pancreas; promotes blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement, Maintains Posture, Stabilizes Joints, Generates Heat, (& more) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of muscle components from large to small |
|
Definition
| Epimysium, fascicle, perimysium, muscle fiber (cell), myofibril or fibril, sarcomere (segment of myofibril), actin (thin) & myosin (thick) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates (on average, 150) and all contract in unison. A motor unit may consist of <10 or > 1000 muscle fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When calcium ions bind to troponin, it undergoes a change in shape; this conformational change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.
When a skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin. |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps of the contraction cycle |
|
Definition
1. ATP binds to myosin heads
2. ATP is hydrolyzed (split) by myosin ATPase.
3. Myosin binds to specific sites on actin
4. ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin causing a change in conformation
5. Myosin pulls actin towards the center of the sarcomere
6. ATP binds to myosin promoting actin release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Narrow, plate-shaped region of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region in the center of the H zone that contains proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center of the sarcomere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that contains the rest of the thin filaments but no thick filaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A narrow region in the center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Undifferentiated and allow repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
| Origin of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (2) |
|
Definition
symp thoracolumbar
para craniosacral |
|
|
Term
| Para and Symp location of ganglia |
|
Definition
Symp: ganglia are close to the CNS (example sympathetic chain ganglion)
Parasympathetic: ganglia close to or within effector |
|
|
Term
| Generally what type of NTs do the para and sympathetic n. systems use? |
|
Definition
Both divisions use acetylcholine that binds to nicotinic receptors at the ganglion synapse
Sympathetic: Generally Norepinephrine at the effector synapse; Binds to Alpha and Beta receptors
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine at the effector synapse; Binds to Muscarinic Receptors |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps of excitation-contraction coupling |
|
Definition
1. Action potential in motor neuron; release of Acetycholine (ACh)
2. ACh binds to the sarcolemma (cell membrane)
3. Binding initiates an action potential in sarcolemma
4. Action potential is propagated down the transverse tubules stimulating release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) binds to troponin, causing a change in conformation
6. Troponin causes tropomyosin to change position in the actin filament exposing myosin binding sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cessation of action potentials; degradation of ACh by cholinesterase
2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum actively accumulates Ca2+
3. Tropomyosin returns to the inhibitory position
4. Actin and myosin filaments slide apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very short in skeletal muscle; period after a contraction during which the muscle fiber is unresponsive to stimulation. The short refractory period allows the muscle to generate action potentials while it is contracting. |
|
|
Term
| 5 Factors that affect the force of muscle contraction |
|
Definition
1. Number of motor units activated.
2. Thickness of each fiber due to: Hypertrophy or Atrophy
3. Tetanic contractions are more forceful than twitches (Figure 9.15)
4. Warmup effect (treppe): the phenomenon by which twitches in a previously inactive muscle increase in amplitude with successive stimuli
5. The initial length (stretch) of the muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| 5 Features of slow-twitch (red) oxidative fibers |
|
Definition
contract relatively slowly
Good blood supply, high myoglobin concentration, lots of mitochondria, adapted for aerobic activity, cells are relatively smaller in diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 Factors of Fast twitch (white) fibers |
|
Definition
Contract rapidly, fewer blood vessels,
less myoglobin/mitochondria, adapted for anaerobic activity, cells are intermediate in diameter |
|
|
Term
| 4 Factors of intermediate fibers (fast oxidative) |
|
Definition
| Contract rapidly, adapted for aerobic activity, intermediate numbers of mitochondria and amount of myoglobin, intermediate in size |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Muscle Training (5) |
|
Definition
endurance training: trains primarily slow oxidative and fast oxidative fibers
increases aerobic capacity by increasing the number of blood capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin ( but has little effect on muscle size)
strength training: trains primarily fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers
causes hypertrophy of muscle fibers by increasing the size and number of myofibrils
the biochemical changes that occur improve the ability of the cells to work anaerobically |
|
|
