Term
|
Definition
| A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber. |
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Term
Afferent Neuron
vs
Efferent Neuron |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Association Neuron (aka interneuron) |
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Definition
| decision making neuron (understands set point) |
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Term
|
Definition
The most abundant and versatile glial cells. Anchor and brace neurons and cover nearby capillaries.
Also control chemical environment around neurons by "mopping up" leaked potassium ions. Also Participate in information processing in the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occasional branches along an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in smooth muscles, can have multiple levels of contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone deposit and resorption. |
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Term
| Breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline, products that cannot activate the ACh receptor. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| blood plasma that contains glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interconnected tiny canals with extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a spherical nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus surrounded by cytoplasm; contains the usual organelles; aka parikaryon or soma. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cerebral hemispheres and the structures of the diencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Right controls left and left controls right. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main receptive or input regions; they provide an enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons. Always unmyelinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of a state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| aka interbrain; The part of the forebrain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mibrain including the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Dorsal root ganglion cell |
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Definition
| Peripheral collection of cell bodies of first-order afferent neurons whose central axons enter the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Periosteal & Meningeal layer |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of gap junction; an electric passageway between two adjacent cells formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of cells and a small amount of connective tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| line and form a barrier around CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| Line of compact bone across epiphysis (p. 176) |
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Term
| Five specific types of neurons and their general classification |
|
Definition
Unipolar:
Dorsal root ganglion cell
Multipolar:
Perkinje cell
Pyramidal cell
Bipolar:
Olfactory Cell
Retinal Cell |
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Term
| GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) |
|
Definition
| The chief inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of cell bodies located in the PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Steroidal or amino acid based molecules released to the blood that at as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions. |
|
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Term
| How fast does a myelinated signal travel? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a refractory period related to the size of a stimulus? |
|
Definition
| The larger the stimulus the larger the refractory period. |
|
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Term
| How long does a refractory period take? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The inferior most part of the brainstem. |
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Term
| Medullary Cavity or Marrow Cavity |
|
Definition
| A hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protective coverings of the central nervous system; from teh most external to the most internal: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inbetween the epiphysis and diaphysis; holds the epiphyseal line. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can transform into phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation;extension of the immune system, protects from pathogens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka mesencephalon; region of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the pons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Play a vital role in the inactivation of neurotransmitters, ~in particular norepinephrine (NEED TO KNOW)~ |
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Term
| Motor Neuron (aka efferent neuron) |
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Definition
| Information going out (response) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any hormone created or released by neurons into the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messenger released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit those neurons or effector cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bare areas about 1mm apart along a nerve inbetween Schwann cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exactly what you would think. Holes where blood vessels go into bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides a myelin sheath to a few dendrites, to insulate to keep electric signal from shorting. Located in the CNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organic unmineralized bone matrix; makes up 1/3 of the bone matrix, consists of ground substance and collagen fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical messenger that acts locally within the same tissue and is rapidly destroyed. Examples are prostaglandins and nitric oxide. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and the medullary cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connect the periosteum to the bone; consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the extracellular bone matrix. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surrounds long bone where it isn't covered by cartilage. Protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as the attachment point for ligaments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| follows gyri and sucli; innermost membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain stem connecting the medulla oblongata with the midbrain, providing linkage between upper and lower levels of the central nervous system. |
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Term
| Practice Drawing her neural communication slide. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Presynaptic cell vs post synaptic cell |
|
Definition
| pre sends, post receives signal |
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Term
| Progression of Bone Cells |
|
Definition
| Osteogenic Cells (origin; come from mesenchyme), Osteoblasts (build up), Osteocytes (exist), Osteoclasts (break down) |
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Term
| Refractory Period (2 terms) |
|
Definition
| Absolute Refractory Period- Period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked. Relative refractory period-follows the absolute refractory period; interval when a threshold for action potential stimulation is markedly elevated. |
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Term
| Reservoir Model For Controlled Variables |
|
Definition
| Intake or Synthesis- Pool (<->in and out of storage) - Metabolism or excretion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bonds that break easily with force to dissipate energy from impact. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Leaping conduction, jumps from node to node between Schwann cells. About 30 times faster than continuous conduction (conduction without myelin sheaths. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS. Thought to have many of the same functions of astrocytes in the CNS. |
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Term
| Sensory Neuron (afferent neuron) |
|
Definition
| creat/carry information that goes in (stimulus) towards the CNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fibers that connect periosteum to compact bone |
|
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Term
| Show the homeostatic feedback cycle for when blood calcium gets low (6) |
|
Definition
| Low Blood Ca (stimulus) -> Calcium Receptors in parathyroid gland pick up on this (sensor) -> Integrating Center of Parathyroid Gland Releases Parathyroid Hormone -> Increase osteoclast Activity (effector) -> Increased bone resorption -> Increase blood Ca |
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Term
|
Definition
| A region where communication occurs between two neurons, or between a neuron and a target cell. A -synaptic cleft- is the region between the two cells. |
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Term
| The 3 parts of the brainstem |
|
Definition
| Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata |
|
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Term
| The 4 types of bone shapes |
|
Definition
| Long, short, flat, irregular |
|
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Term
| The 7 Parts of a long bone |
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Definition
| Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity, Endosteum |
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Term
| The The 6 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System |
|
Definition
| Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis (storage and release), Blood Cell Production (red bone marrow), Triglyceride Storage (yellow bone marrow) |
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Term
| The five types of neuroglial cells |
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Definition
| Astrocyte, Schwann/Satellite, Microglial, Oligodendrocyte, Ependymal |
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Term
| The four parts of an osteon |
|
Definition
Lamella-concentric ring of hard, calcified extracellular matrix found in compact bone.
Lacunae-a small hollow space where osteocytes lie
Canaliculus-small channel or canal, as in bones, where they connect lacunae.
Central Canal-A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone. |
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Term
| The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three General Types of Neurons |
|
Definition
Multipolar-goes out in many directions
Bipolar-
Unipolar-looks like a T |
|
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Term
| Three Main Components of a Neuron |
|
Definition
| Cell Body, Dendrite, Axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| Irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue. |
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Term
| Use the Reservoir Model For Controlled Variables to describe Ca2+ in the body. |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ is consumed, or osteoclast breaks down Calcium Phosphate - Pool is the blood, storage is the bone - Osteoblasts take in Calcium and Phosphate stimulated by Mechanical Stress, Sex steroids, and calcitonin in children |
|
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Term
| What are the 4 steps and their breakdown (1,2,2,2) of Intramembranous Ossification? |
|
Definition
Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
-Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center.
Bone Matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies.
-Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is calcified within a few days.
-Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
Woven bone and periosteum form.
-Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels in a random manner. The result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone.
-Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on teh external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
-Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, and are later replaced with mature lamellar bone, forming compact bone plates.
-spongy bone, consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossificaiton centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
Sensory Input
Integration (process and interpret)
Motor Output (activation of effector organs--muscles & glands) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of gated channels? |
|
Definition
| Chemical, Mechanical, Electrical |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the Forebrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bone growth? |
|
Definition
Appositional-increase in thickness or width
Interstitial-increase in length |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of ossification? |
|
Definition
Intramembranous Ossification-Ossification begins on fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells; Makes the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and clavicle bones; mostly forms flatbones
Enchochondrial Ossification-Hyaline Cartilage is broken down as a model from the inside out as bone replaces it; Happens in all bones except clavicle |
|
|
Term
| What happens when cells don't have myelin sheaths? |
|
Definition
| Membrane is leaky to charge without myelin sheaths and action potential is not reproducible. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when your hand is in very cold water? (19) |
|
Definition
| Cold enough water causes Tissue Damage -> Cells release chemicals -> Chemicals bind to receptors on dendrites -> Opens chemically gated channels (Na+) -> Na+ diffuses inward -> depolarizes membrane (less -) -> Summation -> Membrane Potential reaches threshold -> opens voltage gated channels Na+ quick, K+ slow -> action potential -> action potential conducted to axon terminal (ap begins @ threshold, ends when the membrane is basic @ rest) -> ap at axon terminal -> opens voltage gated Ca+ channels -> Ca+ diffuses inward -> causes release of neurotransmitter from axon by exocytosis -> neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft -> opens chemically gated channel (Na+) -> Na+ diffuses inward -> depolarizes (excitatory postsynaptic potential) |
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|
Term
| What is different about CNS endothelial cells regarding permeability? |
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Definition
| The spaces between endothelial cells in the CNS have tight junctions to prevent permeability. |
|
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Term
| What is the most common type of synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the resting mV of most cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What number of sodiums and potassiums is pumped with each atp? |
|
Definition
| 2K+ in for every 3Na+ out |
|
|
Term
| What the 3 layers of protection that the brain has? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two NT's suppress pain? |
|
Definition
| Endorphins and Enkephalins |
|
|
Term
| What two things do neurons do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the two excitatory acids named in class? |
|
Definition
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does a positive wave (action potential) not travel backwards? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann Cell aka Neurolemmocytes |
|
Definition
| Surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Neural pathways that have five essential components: receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, and effector. |
|
|
Term
| Practice drawing the different shapes of the nerve cells. (p.393) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artery and Vein that enter into a newly forming bone to nourish. |
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|
Term
Function of thyroid hormones in bone growth
Function of sex hormones in bone growth |
|
Definition
Modulate the activity of growth hormone.
Cause initial growth spurt followed later by a stop in interstitial growth via epiphyseal plate closure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it. |
|
|
Term
| The structure function relationship in bone |
|
Definition
| A bone's anatomy reflects the common stresses it encounters. A bone is hollow towards the center of a long bone because tension and compression neutralize each other. |
|
|
Term
| Describe long-bone growth |
|
Definition
| Cartilage cells form tall columns on the epiphyseal plate comprising the growth zone. The cartilage matrix chondrocytes under the epiphyseal plate die and calcify producing the calcification zone. This leaves stalactite looking calcified cartilage which eventually become part of the ossification zone. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of fracture repair? |
|
Definition
| Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka neuroglia; provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A whitish fatty (protein-lipoid) sheath around an axon. |
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|
Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) (aka inhibitory synapse) |
|
Definition
| A graded potential in a postsynaptic neuron that inhibit action potential generation; usually hyperpolarizing. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance (R) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of hyperpolarization? |
|
Definition
| Reduce the possibility of producing a nerve impulse or action potential. |
|
|
Term
| The four steps to an action potential regarding Na & K channels. |
|
Definition
Resting state- All gated Na and K channels are closed.
Depolarization- Na+ channels open
Repolarization- Na+ channels inactivated, and K+ channels open.
Hyperpolarization- Some K+ channels remain open, and Na+ channels reset. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short lived localized charge in membrane potential that can either be depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. They cause current flows that decrease in magnitude with distance. They are called “graded” because their strength is dependent upon stimulus strength. (same as local?)
Two Types: EPSPs and IPSPs |
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|
Term
Axodendritic Synapses
vs
Axosomatic Synapses |
|
Definition
Synapses between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
Synapses between axon endings of one neuron and cell bodies of another. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two general and five specific types of synapses? |
|
Definition
General: Electrical and Chemical Synapses
Axodendtritic Synapse, Axoaxonic Synapse, Axosomatic synapse, Dendrodendritic synapse, Dendrosomatic synapse. |
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|
Term
| What are the two parts of a chemical synapse? |
|
Definition
Axon terminal (presynaptic)
Receptor Region (postsynaptic) |
|
|
Term
| The 6 steps of a chemical synapse signal |
|
Definition
AP arrives at axon terminal
Voltage gated Ca channels open and Ca enters the axon terminal
Ca entry causes NT containing synaptic vesicles to release their contents by exocytosis
NT diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane
Binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels, resulting in graded potentials
Neurotransmitter effects are terminated by reuptake through transport proteins enzymatic degredation, or diffusion away form the synapse. |
|
|
Term
| What is the synaptic delay? |
|
Definition
| Anywhere from .3 to 5.0 ms |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of summation? |
|
Definition
Temporal- when one or more presynaptic neuron transmits impulses in rapid-fire order and bursts of neurotransmitter are released in quick succession.
Spatial- when the postsynaptic neuron is stimulated at the same time by a large number of terminals from the same or, more commonly, different neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repeated or continous use of a synapes (even for short periods) enhances the presynaptic neurons' ability to excite the postsynaptic neuron, producing larger than expected postsynaptic potentials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the release of excitatory neurotransmitter by one neuron is inhibited by the activity of another neuron via an axoaxonic synapse. |
|
|
Term
| The four main biogenic NT amines |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), Histamine |
|
|
Term
| The three amino acid NT's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the strength of synaptic transmissions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional groups of neurons that integrate incoming information received from receptors or different neuronal pools and then forward the processed information to other destinations. |
|
|
Term
| The four different types of circuits |
|
Definition
| Diverging, Converging, Reverberating, parallel after-discharge |
|
|
Term
| Two Types of Mental Processing |
|
Definition
Serial processing-the whole system works in a predictable all or nothing manner. One neuron stimulates the next and so on eventually causing a response.
Parallel processing- inputs are segregated into many pathways, and information delivered by each pathway is dealt with simultaneously by different parts of the neural circuitry. (neural associations) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The growing tip of an axon in making a neural connection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that works by binding to opioid receptors in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Two types of NT receptors |
|
Definition
Channel-linked receptors- ligand gated ion channels that mediate direct transmitter action. aka ionotropic receptors. Change conformation w/ NT and allow ions to pass.
G protein-linked receptors- indirect, complex, slow, and often prolonged; aka metabotropic receptors. Work by controlling the production of second messengers. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation |
|
Definition
produced by the choroid plexus
flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some flows through the central canal of the spinal cord
flows through the subarachnoid space
absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keeps brain from crushing under its own weight, protects from impact, nourishes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintains constant internal environment for the brain so there are no chemical variations that would modify the threshold for neuronal firing. Cannot filter fat-soluble molecules. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of opioids? |
|
Definition
| Endorphins, Tachykinins, Somatostatin, Cholecystokinin |
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