Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for the hormones that keep the body in homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release hormones and the body travels through blood to target cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act locally & affect only neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affect only the cell that is secreting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The secretions aid in regulating metabolism, chemical reactions, water & electrolyte balance, blood pressure, reproduction, development, and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endocrine Glands are ductless, Exocrine has ducts |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine compared to Nervous System |
|
Definition
Nervous System is very quick.
Endocrine system is slower and releases hormones into the bloodstream. It only targets cells of hormone response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus(head),Pituitary(Head),Pineal(Head), Thyroid(Throat), Parathyroid(Behind Thyroid), Thymus(Above Heart), Adrenal(Upper Kidneys), Pancreas(Abdominal Cavity), Ovaries, Testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lipid Base, Contain Carbon & Hydrogen, Derived from Cholesterol
Examples: Estrogen, Testosterone, Aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| Chemistry of Steroid Hormone |
|
Definition
| Only a small quantity is needed to promote a change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amines: derived from Amino Acid Tyrosine
Example: Norepinphrine & Epi
Protein Hormones: chains of Amino Acid
Example: Parathyroid Hormone
Peptide Hormones: Short Amino Acid Chains(Oxytocin)
Prostaglandins: produced in liver, kidneys, and heart. |
|
|
Term
| Chemistry of Non-Steroid Hormones |
|
Definition
| Amines, Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acid Base, Vary in Size, Most Hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
# of receptors on target tissue can change.
Up-Regulation:increase # of receptors
Down-Regulation: decrease # of receptors |
|
|
Term
| Control of Hormone Secretions |
|
Definition
| Hormone life is measured in half-life, excretion happens in urine, or can be broken down in liver, regulated by the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secretes releasing hormones that either stim/inhibit release of hormones by the pituitary gland.
Secrets Oxytocin & Antidiuretic Hormone to be stored in the Neurohypophysis.
Secretes,but can't store pituitary is responsible for storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has two hormones too control Pituitary to stop and go |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attached to the Hypothalamus by infundibulum, Located in Sphenoid Bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulates the cells of the Adenohypophysis to release hormones. Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stims nerve endings in Neurohypophysis to release hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Juxtaglomerular cells in Kidney respond to changes in BP & Sodium concentrations. If levels drop, cells release Renin. It reacts with Angio Tensinogen, a blood protein, and releases angiotensin. ACE converts it from I to II. Angio II travels in the blood to the Adrenal Cortex where it stims release of Aldosterone(Brings up BP) |
|
|
Term
| Actions of Non-Steriod Hormones |
|
Definition
| Hormone binds to receptor on the cell and ATP converts to cAMP. cAMP promotes a series of chain reactions leading to cellular change. |
|
|
Term
| Actions of Steroid Hormones |
|
Definition
| Hormones crosses membranes, hormones combine with receptors in the nucleus, synthesis of mRNA activated, mRNA enters cytoplasm to direct synthesis of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesizes more than 30 different steroids. ONLY secretes steroids. Makes Aldosterone, Cortisol, & Sex Hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthesized in outer Zone Glomerulosa,
Responsible for mineralcorticoids: helps regulate mineral electrolytes and causes kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
Control of Aldosterone levels in linked to the Renin- Angiotensin System. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stress hormone. Produced in the Zona Fasciculata. It inhibits protein synthesis in various areas to keep amino acids in blood. Promotes breakdown of fats to fatty acids & glycerol in order to use Fatty Acids. It also stimulates cells of the liver to produce glucose using amino acids & glycerol in order to increase blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete catecholamines(epi & non-epi), Both receptors stimulates beta and alpha receptors. Impulses for release of hormones comes farom hypothalamus in stress stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both endo & exo functions. Exocrine functions: for digestions. Endocrine functions: islet of langerhons. Alpha cells= secrete glucagon. Beta Cells= secrete insulin. Delta Cells= secrete somatostatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes melatonin synthesized for serotonin. When in light, impulses from the eye go to the hypothalamus to the reticular foramen, to the spinal cord, and finally the pineal gland. It regulated circcidian rhythms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antidiuretic(makes you not pee), Causes kidneys to reduce h2o excretions, makes BP raise.
Oxytocin(Bonding Hormone) contracts muscle in uterine wall, contracts milk associated with milk secretions |
|
|
Term
| Adenohypophysis-Adrenocorticotropic |
|
Definition
| Controls Secretion of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Adenohypophysis- Growth Hormone |
|
Definition
| Stimulation increase in size and rate o division of cells(mitosis), promotes bone growth allows a single cell to grow |
|
|
Term
| Adenohypophysis- Prolactin Hormone |
|
Definition
| Sustains milk production after birth. Amplifies effect of LH in males |
|
|
Term
| Adenohypophysis- Thyroid Stimulating |
|
Definition
| Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Adenohypophysis- Follicle Stimulating |
|
Definition
| Development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries. Simulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen. In males, it stimulates production of sperm cells & testosterone. Follicles can also be found in the thyroid. |
|
|
Term
| Adenohypophysis- Luteinizing |
|
Definition
| Promotes secretion of sex hormones & prolacting sperm. Release of egg cells in females(ovulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Butterfly (H) shaped. Made of follicles. Colloids are where the follicle fluid is stored. Secretes or stores hormones in the colloid. |
|
|
Term
| Throxine(T4) & Triidothronine(T3) |
|
Definition
| Affect cellular metabolic rates(regulations, basal metabolic rate, this is essential for normal growth & maturation of the nervous system. Require iodine to build the hormone. TSH controls its hormone levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates osteoblast when blood calcium levels are too high |
|
|
Term
| Disorders of Thyroid Gland |
|
Definition
| Hyperthyroidism= high metabolic rates, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a result of hyperthyroidism. it is an autoimmune disorder |
|
|
Term
| Disorders of Thyroid Gland |
|
Definition
Hypothyroidism(slow metabolism)
Cretinism: occurs in infants. Stunted growth, abnormal bone function, mental retardation, low body temps result fromt this disease.
Myxedema: low metabolic rate. people become sluggish and have poor appetite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iodine deficiency in thyroid hormones t3 & t4. Pituitary will constantly send tsh to body. Thyroid will over stimulate and enlargens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates bone reabsorptions by osteoclast, inhibits activity of osteoblasts causes kidneys to conserve calcium and excrete phosphate, increases blood calcium levels decrease blood phosphate levels |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid Gland Disorders |
|
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism: nervous system becomes depressed, fatigues and weakness, osteoclasts are over working.
Hypoparathyroidism: Nervous system becomes excited, muscle cramps & seizures, decreased PTh reduces osteoclast activity |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus- Pituitary- Thyroid Negative Feed Back Mechanism |
|
Definition
1.) stimulation 2.)tropic hormone from hypothalamus secretes 3.) pituitary increases TSH 4.) thyroid increases t3&t4 5.) targets where metabolism must be 6>) high t3&t4 inhibit hormones, stop production
Example; high calcium by ingestion, stimulates calcitonin, osteoblasts are stimulated for bone growth and absorb in blood. calcium levels decrese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stress from environmental change goes to the hypothalamus, from here sympathetic impulses are releases and sent to the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla then releases epi and non-epi. OR the hypothalamus can release CRH, then goes to the anterior pituitary for it to tell the adrenal cortex to release cortisol for long term adjustments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ovaries: produces estrogen & progesterone
Placenta: Produces estrogen, progesterone, & gonadotropin
Testes: produces testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain only runs on glucose. When there is stress glucose becomes inhibited. Cortisol is released and stores glucose for the brain to use only. The body then only runs on fats and proteins when this happens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increases activity in the sympathetic nervous system, increase secretions of adrenal hormones.
Physical Stress: threatens health of tissues
Physiological Stress: thoughts about damange, loss, social interactions & feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced in Zona Reticularis (inner adrenal glands), synthesized as male androgens & are then converted to female androgens if appropriate, produced in addition to those hormones synthesized in the gonads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large in Children but shrinks with age, produces thymosins which affects production & differentiation of some WBC, helps develop the immune system, adults white blood cells are T Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulation of the liver to form glycogen, aids in facilitated diffusion of glucose molecules from blood into cells, increasing protein synthesis, stimulation of adipose cells to synthesize and store fat
Decreases BS levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose to raise BS levels, encourages conversion of amino acids into glucose stimulates the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol so fatty acids can be used as glucose. Increase BS levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No insulin, controllable with diet and exercise |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Mellitus; Type I |
|
Definition
| Type I diabetes or Insulin= dependent diabetes, autoimmune=white blood cells attack beta cells, lack of insulin, glucose stays in blood raising, kidneys then excrete the extra glucose but need water as a solvent. This leads to dehydration and thirst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If untreated; tissues will die, you lose weight, and fatty acids and ketones build. |
|
|
Term
| Type III Diabetes Mellitus |
|
Definition
| Gestational(pregnancy) is when it is developed. It goes away after birth of the child but the mother becomes at risk for Type II. |
|
|
