Term
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Definition
| conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations (interprets what sensation means) |
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Definition
| brain refers sensations to their point of stimulation |
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Definition
| decrease in perception of sensation over time while the stimulus is still present; may be rapidly adapting (touch, smell) or slowly adapting (pain, body position) |
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Definition
| persistence of sensations even though stimulus has been removed (look at something bright\close your eyes\still see it) |
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Definition
| - specific sensation felt (pain, pressure, touch, etc.) |
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Definition
| change in environment capable of activating certain sensory neurons |
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Definition
| receptor or sense organ must respond to stimulus and transduce (convert) it to a generator potential |
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Term
| – Conduction (generation of impulses) |
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Definition
| when generator potential reaches threshold it elicits nerve impulse conducted to CNS (first-order neuron) |
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| – Translation (integration of sensory input) |
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Definition
| region of CNS (cerebral cortex) must translate nerve impulse into sensation (Interprets sensation) |
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Definition
| inform about external environment |
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| – Interoceptors (Visceroceptors) |
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Definition
| inform about internal environment |
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Definition
| - inform about body position, muscle tension, and position and movement of joints |
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Definition
| detect mechanical disturbances (touch, pressure, hearing, equilibrium) |
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Term
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Definition
| - detect changes in temperature |
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Definition
| - detect pain, usually as result of physical or chemical damage to tissues |
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Term
| – Electromagnetic (photo) receptors |
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Definition
| - detect light on retina of eye |
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Definition
| detect chemical changes (smell, taste, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Water detection, detect osmotic pressure of body fluids |
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Definition
| bare dendrites with no structural specializations (ex. Pain receptors, temperature receptors-tickle and itch-FREE NERVE ENDINGS!) pg 608 |
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Term
| – Encapsulated nerve endings |
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Definition
| dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule (ex. For pressure. Vibrations) |
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Term
| – Specialized separate cells |
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Definition
| cells of special senses that synapse with first-order sensory neuron |
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Definition
| associated with general senses (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain) |
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Definition
| associated with special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing) |
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Term
| Two types of graded potentials! |
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Definition
| • Generator Potentials and Receptor Potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger action potentials; includes olfactory receptors and most general sensory receptors (free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings) |
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Term
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Definition
| causes exocytosis of synaptic vescicles; produces PSP; includes receptors of special senses |
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Term
| – Generator potential is always a |
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Definition
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| • Receptor potential may be |
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Definition
| be either depolarization or hyperpolarization |
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Term
| – If GP is large enough to reach threshold |
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Definition
| , it generates a nerve impulse (stimulus is converted into GP and then into nerve impulse) |
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Term
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Definition
| exocytosis of synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter |
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| – Receptor Potential directly regulates |
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Definition
| exocytosis of synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| - receptors in skin or beneath skin |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perceive that something has contacted the skin; exact location, shape, size, texture is undetermined |
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Definition
| specific information--where touch occurred and size, shape, texture of source |
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Definition
| found around roots of hairs, tell if hair is moved. Fast adapting |
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Term
| • Corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles) |
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Definition
| most numerous on fingertips, palms of hand, soles of feet; discriminitive touch. Fast adapting |
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Term
| • Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors [tactile (Merkel) discs] |
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Definition
| Slow adapting:receptors for touch and discriminative touch |
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Term
| • Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (end organs of Ruffini or Ruffini corpuscles) |
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Definition
| Slowly adapting detect heavy and continuous touch sensations; sensitive to stretching as digits or limbs are moved |
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| – Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles detect |
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Definition
| pressure; – Much deeper and longer lasting than touch sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| result from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors |
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Definition
| result from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors |
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Definition
| stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals, such as bradykinin, sometimes as result of inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
| not totally understood, but usually cannot be self-initiated |
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| – Cold receptors located in |
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Definition
| statum basale of epidermis (Feel cold before warm!) |
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| – Warm receptors are located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Branching ends of dendrites of nociceptors (free nerve endings) |
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Term
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Definition
| arises from stimulation of receptors in skin and other structures; may be superficial (skin) or deep (skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia) (ex. You cut yourself) |
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Term
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Definition
| - stimulation of receptors in viscera (pain with internal organs. Pain in viscera referred to surface of the body) |
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Definition
| feeling of pain in surface area far from stimulated organ |
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Definition
| sensations felt in amputated limb (ex. Amputated foot-that’s gone, but yo still feel pain der.) |
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Term
| • Proprioceptive (kinesthetic) sensations |
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Definition
| • Awareness of activities of muscles, tendons, and joints and of equilibrium |
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Term
| • Joint kinesthetic receptors |
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Definition
| located in capsules of joints and ligaments about joints; respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration and reflex inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors changes in length of skeletal muscle; 3-10 specialized muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| large diameter, rapidly conducting sensory fibers; send impulses when muscle stretched (Away from sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller diameter sensory fibers stimulated when spindle is stretched (towards sensory) |
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Term
| – Gamma motor (efferent) neurons |
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Definition
| stimulate contraction of muscle |
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Term
| – Alpha motor (efferent) neurons |
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Definition
| innervate extrafusal muscle fibers |
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Term
| • Tendon organs (Golgi tendon organs) |
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Definition
| sense tension applied to a tendon; monitor force of contraction of each muscle |
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Term
| • Impulses reaching sensory areas of cortex travel over |
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Definition
| 3 pools of sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| connects receptor with spinal cord and medulla on same side of body |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts from medulla to thalamus - axon decussates; so one side of brain registers mainly sensations for opposite side of body |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts from thalamus to somesthetic sensory area of cerebral cortex |
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Term
| • Lateral spinothalamic pathway |
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Definition
– Sensory pathway for pain and temperature
– Conducts from receptor to cord, up brain stem, to thalamus
– Thalamus has conscious recognition of pain and temperature but not localization of stimuli
– Conveyed then to somesthetic area of cerebral cortex |
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Term
| • Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic pathway |
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Definition
– Conducts impulses for light touch and pressure
– Impulse conducted from thalamus to somesthetic area of cortex |
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Term
| • Posterior column pathway |
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Definition
| fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus |
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Term
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Definition
| fasciculus cuneatus and gracilis to medulla |
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Term
| • Travels through medial lemniscus to |
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Definition
| to thalamus and then to somesthetic area of cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to recognize exact location of stimulation and make two-point discriminations |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to recognize by “feel” the size, shape, and texture of object |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of position of body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| - ability to assess the weight of an object |
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Term
| Posterior spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| uncrossed tract conveying impulses concerned with subconscious muscle and joint sense (assumes role in reflex adjustments for posture and muscle tone) |
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Term
| • Anterior spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| - conveys impulses for subconscious muscle sense; both crossed and uncrossed fibers |
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Term
| • Motor neurons in anterior gray horns constitute |
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Definition
| final common path for impulses to skeletal muscles (Cell bodies are in the spinal cord) [Peramital is in the middle-extraperamintal is on the sides] |
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Term
| • These are only neurons transmitting impulses into |
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Definition
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Term
| • Impulses essential for voluntary contractions of individual muscles to |
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Definition
| produce small discrete movements and also helps maintain muscle tone |
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Term
| • Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts |
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Definition
| • Dendrites and cell bodies in cortex; axons descend through internal capsule, pyramids of medulla; enter cord from pyramids; descend and synapse directly with anterior horn cells or indirectly via association neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary contractions of individual muscles to produce small discrete movements and also helps maintain muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| • Begin in basal ganglia and reticular formation of brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| - impulses to skeletal muscles concerned with muscle tone and posture |
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Term
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Definition
| - impulses that control movements of the head in response to visual stimuli (ex. Throwing something at you-and you duck your head) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| • Lateral reticulospinal tract |
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Definition
| facilitates flexor reflexes, inhibits extensor reflexes and muscle tone in muscles of axial skeleton and proximal limb |
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Term
| • Anterior (ventral) or medial reticulospinal tract |
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Definition
| - facilitates extensor reflexes, inhibit flexor reflexes, and increase muscle tone in muscles of axial skeleton and proximal limb |
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