Term
• Primary Function
• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM -
THE BLOOD |
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Definition
• Transportation of various substances to and from body cells
• Exchange of materials between respiratory, digestive, and excretory organs and blood and between blood and cells |
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Definition
• Cellular metabolism
• Homeostasis of fluid volume
• Homeostasis of pH (hydrogen ions exchange that occur in the blood)
• Homeostasis of temperature(Blood flow to surface to get rid of heat in the body-to sweat)
• Defense against microorganisms |
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• Blood volume
• Average volume |
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Definition
| 70 kg adult male averages 71 ml/kg of blood--about 5,000 ml total |
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Definition
| blood volume/kg of body weight varies inversely with the amount of excess body fat (Typically have 5 Liters of bloooooddd.) |
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Definition
• Plasma - fluid, 55%
– Water (90%) (Makes up plasma)
– Plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen)
– Nutrients, wastes, regulatory substances, gases electrolytes |
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Term
| • Cells (formed elements) |
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Definition
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| • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) |
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Definition
| – Biconcave disks about 7 microns in diameter with large surface-to-volume ratio (they’re thin) |
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Definition
| ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, or other organelles (They are unique! NO NUCLEUS!!) |
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Definition
| 5.5 million/mm3; female: 4.8 million/mm3 |
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• Erythrocytes
• Structure and functions |
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Definition
| – Molecules of hemoglobin inside each rbc makes possible function of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport |
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| • Hemoglobin molecule composed of |
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Definition
| protein called globin (4 chains) and 4 nonprotein pigments called heme |
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| • Iron needed for each heme which |
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Definition
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| classification according to size and hemoglobin content |
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| normal 12 mg of hemoglobin |
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| 16-17mg of hemoglobin, Blood would be very dark red. Doesn’t typically cause problems. |
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Definition
| Not enough hemoglobin (A problem! Orange, yellow blood) |
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Definition
| abonormal variation in rbc size |
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Definition
| abnormal variation in rbc shape (Sickle cell anemia) |
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Definition
| caused by hypertonic solution and some anticoagulants (Cell shrivels) |
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Definition
| common in iron-deficiency anemia (Feel tired) |
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Definition
| contain abnormal (HbS) hemoglobin (Inherited disorder. One amino acid different from regular. Produces major effects) |
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Definition
| cell fragments caused by trauma |
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| • Formation (erythropoiesis) |
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Definition
| stimulated by erythropoietin produced by kidneys (1\4 of blood is in the kidneys) |
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Definition
| (pluripotent stem cell) (found in red bone marrow) transforms into rubriblast which gives rise to proerythroblast |
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| – Proerythroblast develops into |
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Definition
| erythroblast (begins synthesis of hemoglobin) |
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| – Three stages of erythroblast finally leads |
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Definition
| to reticulocyte (nucleus lost) |
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Definition
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Term
• Erythrocytes (PG 733)
• Destruction |
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Definition
| by fragmentation in capillaries |
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Term
| – Reticuloendothelial cells (eat the debree!!) phagocytose |
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Definition
| rbc fragments and break down hemoglobin to yield iron-containing pigment (ferritin) |
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Definition
| bilirubin which is converted to bile; globin portion is broken down to amino acids (RBC broken down in liver and spleen) |
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| – Bone marrow reuses most of iron for |
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Definition
new rbc synthesis; liver excretes bile pigments
– Life span 120 days |
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Term
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Definition
• Contain granules that take neutral, acid, and basic stains
• Nucleus S-shaped or lobulated
• Includes neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear(PMN) leukocytes), eosinophils, and basophils |
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Definition
• Nuclei spherical and no granules
• Includes monocytes and lymphocytes; monocytes wander out into tissues and enlarge into macrophages |
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Definition
| defense or protection (phagocytosis, exhibit diapedesis, produce antibodies) |
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| – Granular leukocytes develop in red bone marrow in which a hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell) develops into myeloblast and a promyelocyte before differentiating into 3 types |
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| – Monocytes develop from myeloid (red bone marrow) tissue in which |
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Definition
| which hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell) becomes a monoblast |
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| – Lymphocytes develop from lymphoid tissue becoming |
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Definition
| lymphoblasts before further development |
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| • Destruction and life span |
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Definition
| some destroyed by phagocytosis; life span variable |
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| blood coagulation and hemostasis |
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| – Formed in red bone marrow by |
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Definition
by fragmentation of large cells (megakaryocytes)
– Life span is 5-9 days
– Numbers - 250,000 to 400,000/mm3 |
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Definition
• Composition
– 90% water and 10% solutes |
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| foods, wastes, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, antibodies, and other proteins |
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Definition
| 6-8 gm/100 ml of plasma; synthesized in liver |
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Definition
| about 55% of plasma proteins - contribute to blood viscosity, osmotic pressure, and volume |
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Definition
| 38% - circulating antibodies, essential for immunity |
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Definition
| 7% - plays role in blood clotting |
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Definition
| • Mechanisms preventing blood loss |
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Definition
| immediate contraction of blood vessels |
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| – Platelet plug formation |
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Definition
• Platelets contact and stick to damaged blood vessels (platelet adhesion)
• Platelets become activated and release granules (platelet release reaction)
• Other platelets gather in area (platelet aggregation)
• Platelet plug - accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets - prevents blood loss in small area |
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| • Mechanisms preventing blood loss |
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Definition
| – Coagulation (clotting) (process of gel formation) - involves several enzymes and other chemicals called clotting factors; may be intrinsic or extrinsic pathway; both pathways have final common steps |
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Definition
| formation of prothrombinase |
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| – In extrinsic pathway tissue factor (thromboplastin) activates |
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Definition
| factor VII which combines with |
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| factor X and activates it; factor X combines with |
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Definition
| factor V in presence of calcium to form prothrombinase |
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| – In intrinsic pathway damaged platelets activate factor XII which activates |
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Definition
| factor XI which activates factor IX; factor IX plus factor VIII plus calcium activate |
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| factor X which along with factor V and calcium forms |
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Definition
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– Coagulation
• Stage II – |
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Definition
| prothrombinase(inactive form of thrombin) and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin |
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Definition
| thrombin and calcium converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads which forms clot |
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| • Vitamin K is needed for |
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Definition
| formation of 4 clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) |
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| – Clot retraction (syneresis) and repair |
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Definition
| clot plugs ruptured area and then tightens pulling edges together |
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Definition
| dissolves clot through activation of plasminogen to plasmin |
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Term
| • Factors that oppose clotting |
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Definition
– Smoothness of endothelium that lines blood vessels prevents platelet adherence and disintegration
– Blood normally contains certain anticoagulants, for example, anti-thrombins, substances that inactivate thrombin so that it cannot catalyze fibrin formation |
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| • Factors that hasten clotting |
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Definition
– Endothelial “rough” spots; i.e. cholesterol-lipid plaques in atherosclerosis
– Sluggish blood flow |
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Term
| • Blood types (or blood groups) |
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Definition
| (A, B, O, AB) and Rh+ or Rh- |
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Term
| • Plasma does not normally contain |
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Definition
| antibodies against antigens present on its rbc |
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Definition
| antibodies against A or B antigens not present on its rbc |
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| • No blood normally contains anti-Rh antibodies; anti-Rh antibodies appear in |
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Definition
| blood only of Rh- person and only after Rh+ rbc have entered bloodstream |
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