-What are meninges?

-List and describe the characteristics of the three meningeal layers.

-Which layer is vascular?

-Specialized connective tissue membranes that surround the CNS

1. dura mater:superficial, outermost connective tissue covering of the CNS; two layers
2. arachnoid: cobweb-like middle layer composed of squamous cells
3. pia mater: innermost delicate membrane that sits atop the cerebrum

- pia mater

-Describe the epidural space.

-What is its significance in child delivery?

-What space does CSF circulate through?

-epidurals are administered here

-ease the pain of childbirth

-subarachnoid space

-What are the two major functions of the spinal cord?

-What are some characteristics of the spinal cord?

1. information highway
2. coordinates spinal reflexes

• 18" in length
• diameter of the spinal cord narrows as the spinal cord descends
• composed of an H-like or butterfly shaped region of gray matter
• the central canal is in the center of the gray matter

-Draw a picture of a cross section of the spinal cord and label the following structures:

• Posterior (dorsal) horn
• Lateral horn
• Anterior (ventral) horn
• Columns

-What comprises each of the above structures?

-What is their function?

-What comprises columns?

-What is the function of columns?

On your cross sectional drawing of the spinal cord, draw and label the following:

• Dorsal root ganglia
• Dorsal root
• Ventral root
• Spinal nerve

-What comprises each of the above structures?

-What is their function?

-What is quadriplegia?

-What is paraplegia?

-Describe the general characteristics of the brain.

-What is the cerebrum divided into by the longitudinal fissure?

1. about 3lbs. in weight
2. compsed of billions of nurons and neuroglial cells
3. center for intellect, emotions, behavior, and memory

-cerebral hemispheres

-What are ventricles?

-How many are there in the cerebrum?

-What do ventricles contain?

-internal cavities filled with fluid

-four

-CSF and a watery broth similar to plasma

-Describe the Circle of Willis.

-Why is it structurally/functionally significant?

-a specialized circulatory route at the base of the cerebrum

-cerebral arteries branch off of it

-What is the BBB?

-Describe three characteristics that allow the BBB to function as an effective barrier.

-What materials pass easily through the BBB?

-What materials are kept out of the cerebrum by the BBB?

-a specialized circulatory network located in the cerebrum

1. composed of capillaries that have tight junctions and no fenestrations
2. astrocytes secrete chemicals taht restrict movement of materials into cerebrum

-blood

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-What produces CSF?

-Trace the flow of CSF through the ventricles of the brain.

-Where does CSF flow out of after leaving the fourth ventricle?

-the choroid plexus, specialized capillaries associated with ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain

-

-

-What is CSF?

-What is the function of CSF?

-What materials does CSF transport within the CNS?

-a colorless fluid that surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS: a liquid cushion

-provides buoyancy and floats the brain to protect against physical injury

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-Describe the cerebral cortex (cc).

-What comprises the cc?

-What lies beneath the cc?

-the outermost or superficial layer of the cerebrum that lies on top of the white matter. it's gray as it is composed of NCB's and unmyelinated axons

-composed of billions of neurons arranged in layers

-white matter composed of millions of myelinated axons, embedded within the white matter are oval masses of gray matter

-What is the function of Wernicke's area?

-Broca's area?

-How does damage to either area affect an individual?

-recieves information from all sensory association areas. interprets info that is seen, heard, or read. responsible for understanding written and spoken speech.

-functions to regulate patterns of breathing and vocalization necessary for normal speech

-wernicke: hard time interpreting info

broca: difficulty in speech production

-Describe the function of the following regions of the cc:

• Primary sensory cortex
• Somatic sensory association cortex
• Olfactory cortex
• Gustatory cortex
• Auditory cortex
• Auditory associtation area
• Visual cortex
• Visual association cortex
• Primary motor cortex
• Motor association area

-Describe the "split brain concept."

-Compare and contrast the characteristics of the left and right cerebral hemisphere.

-one hemispere dominates the other in performing certain tasks

-left(dominant): language, math, logic

right: artistic awareness, imagination, spatial visualization

-What is an EEG and when is it utilized?

-Describe the characteristics of alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves.

-What does an absence of brain waves signify?

-electroencephalogram: non-invasive means of monitoring electrical activity of the brain. measures the number of neruons firing in synchrony

• alpha: normally found in resting adults
• beta: normally found during intense concentration
• theta: normally found in children and in furstrated adults
• delta: normally found in deep sleep and in certain pathological states

-What is memory?

-Describe some fact and skill memories.

-What is short term memory?

-Long term memory?

-Give examples of each

-concious recognicion of facts and experiences

• fact: phone #, names, SSN
• skill: driving, walking, bike

-what you ate, names

-substantial, fact memories

-How are long term memories formed?

-Where are long term memories stored in the cerebrum?

-continued recall of short term

-regions of the cerebral cortex as well and the hippocampus and amygdala.

-What is retrograde amnesia?

-What is anterograde amnesia?

-no LTM and no identity, not permanent

-LTM, can't produce more STM

-Describe the basal ganglia.

-What is the function of the basal ganglia?

-masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the brain. comprised of the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus.

1. subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
2. coordination of learned movement patterns

-Describe the limbic system.

-What is the function of the limbic system?

-a functional system rather than anatomical. composed of many structures that encircle the brain stem in a horseshoe shape

1. emotional states
2. LTM storage and retrieval

-Describe the epithalamus/pineal gland.

-What is the function of the epithalamus?

-Describe the thalamus.

-What is the function of the thalamus?

-paired, rounded masses of gray matter

-post office for all but smell and filters sensory info

-Describe the hypothalamus.

-What are the different functions of the hypothalamus?

-located inferior to the thalamus, forms part of the floor of the third ventricle

• regulates body temp
• contains a thirst center
• contains a satiety center
• secretes hormones
• assists in regulating circadian rhythems
• subconscious contro of skeletal muscle contractions

-Describe the midbrain.

-What is RAS?

-What is the function of the RAS?

-extends from the diencephalon to the pons; contains various nuclei and bundles of ascending/descending tracts; contains the superior and inferior colliculi and cerebral peduncles

-Reticular Activating System is composed of a loose arrangement of neurons

-responsible for different levels of consciousness

-Describe the pons.

-What is the function of the pons?

-lies directly superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum

-links the cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal cord together

-Describe the medulla oblongata.

-What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

-the inferior part of the brain stem, a continuation of the spinal cord

-heart rate/contraction and respiratory rate

-What is "crossing-over?"

-Where does it occur?

-allows the right part of the brain to control the left side of the body and vice versa

-the pyramids

-Describe the substantia nigra.

-What is the function of the substantia nigra?

-Describe what disease manifests when the substantia nigra are damaged/diseased.

-paired masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum

-produces dopamine, and inhibitory neurotransmitter, that monitors the activity of the basal ganglia.

-parkinsons disease

-Describe the cerebellum.

-What are the functions of the cerebellum?

-at the base of the cerebrum; a superficial layer of gray matter; white matte is organized into a tree like pattern; arbor vitae

-maintains balance by regulating muscle tone; fine tune muscular movements

-List the major cranial nerves by both their Roman numeral and common names.

-Describe the general function of each cranial nerve.

-How many spinal nerves are there?

-After exiting the spinal cord, what structure do they form?

-What is the significance of nerve plexuses?

-31 pairs

-nerve plexuses

-contain sensory and motor fibers

-What is a reflex?

-Are they important in restoring homeostasis? Why?

-Does the cerebrum play a role in regulating a typical reflex arc?

- an autonomic, automatic motor response to a stimulus; pre-programmed actions that involves no input from the cerebrum

-no

1. stuimulation of a receptor associated with an afferent neuron
2. activation of an afferent neuron
3. information processed in the CNS
4. activation of an efferent neuron
5. effector response

-Describe the steps of a monosynaptic reflex.

-What is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

-Describe the steps of a polysynaptic reflex.

-How does it differ from a monosynaptic reflex?

-What is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

-Describe how a pain sensation travels from the point of injury to the cc.

- processed by CNS:

• ascending tract
• medulla oblongata-pyrimids
• thalamus
• primary sensory cortex
• somatic association area
• ouch!

-What are the two subdivisions of the ANS?

-How does the stimulation of either division affect organ function?

-Sympathetic branch: increase in organ acticity and utilizes ATP overrides para

-Parasympathetic brach: decrease in organ activity; conserves ATP

somatic: voluntary, skeletal muscle, sensory and motor

autonomic: involuntary, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretion

-How does the autonomic pathway differ from a typical reflex arc?

-Why is the autonomic pathway usually referred to as having many visceral motor fibers?

-What is dual innervation?

-Stimulation of which division of the ANS results in the fight or flight response?

-Describe the physiological affects of the fight or flight response.

-Draw a picture of a typical autonomic pathway and label the following:

• Afferent neuron
• Spinal cord
• Preganglionic fiber
• Autonomic ganglia
• Postganglionic fiber
• Effector

-Describe key characteristics and the function of the above structures.

-What is a sensation?

-Describe some key characteristics of sensations.

-Describe the functions of the following receptors:

• Chemoreceptors
• Nociceptors
• Baroreceptors
• Mechanoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors

-Describe the series of events in a pain sensation.

-Is phantom pain a physiological or psychological phenomenon?

-What are the accessory structures of the eye?

-What is their function?

-What is the macula lutea?

-The central fovea?

-What is the aqueous humor?

-The vitreous humor?

-In what chambers are they located?