Term
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Definition
Prevents binding to CCR5, a host membrane protein
Attachment/Early Inhibition (anti-HIV) |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to viral protein gp41, prevents fusion. Exact mechanism unknown.
Attachment/Early Inhibition (anti-HIV) |
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Term
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Definition
1st generation, also blocks host ion channels, leading to unwanted side effects. Also used as a treatment for Parkinson’s.
Uncoating Inhibition (Anti-influenza A)
Adamantanes – M2 ion channel inhibitors. Resistance to both is common and develops rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
Newer, fewer side effects, can be used prophylactically
Uncoating Inhibition (Anti-influenza A)
Adamantanes – M2 ion channel inhibitors. Resistance to both is common and develops rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
Used against HSV and VZV. Guanine base attached to broken sugar ring. Inhibits at two viral enzymes – thymidine kinase and herpesvirus DNA pol. Slight toxicity (human cells can also phosphorylate). Valcyclovir is prodrug form.
Viral Replication Inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to Acyclovir, but a better inhibitor of TK and worse inhibitor of DNA pol. Famciclovir is oral form.
Viral Replication Inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
Used against CMV. Very toxic, only use for serious infections. Similar to acyclovir, but TK does not phosphorylate (carried out by a different viral enzyme unique to CMV). Valganciclovir is oral prodrug.
Viral Replication Inhibition |
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Term
Herpesviruses [includes herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV)]
These are latent viruses - antiviral works on actively replicating virus, not in latency. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Does not require phosphorylation; effective against kinase-deficient mutants. dCTP analogue. Toxic, used in CMV retinf itis.
NucleoTide analogues |
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Term
Zidovudine (AZT)
Nucleoside/nucleotide analogue (used in combination therapy for HIV) |
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Definition
| Thymine analogue, obligatory chain terminator. Requires phosphorylation for activation, which is carried out by human kinase. Accumulation of phosphorylated form accounts for toxicity (bone marrow suppression). Inhibits viral RT. |
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Term
Lamivudine (3TC)
Nucleoside/nucleotide analogue (used in combination therapy for HIV) |
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Definition
| Similar to AZT, but less toxic due to increased specificity. Also effective against HBV (targets HBV pol). Emtricitabine (FTC) similar. |
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Term
Foscarnet (PFA)
Nonnucleoside DNA polymerase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Does not require phosphorylation, inhibits DNA pol directly. Also effective against HSV and CMV (second-line). Poor oral bioavailability. |
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Term
Efavirnez, Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Etravine
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
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Definition
| Directly inhibit viral RT. Good oral bioavailability but resistance develops rapidly. |
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Term
Raltegravir
Integrase Inhibitors |
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Definition
| inhibits integration of HIV into host genome. Only for use in combination therapy. |
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Term
| Inhibition of Viral Maturation |
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Definition
| HIV Protease Inhibitors – Ritonavir most common (long list, see book). Contains Phe-Pro analogue (mimics active site of HIV protease, not a target of human enzymes) and is a suicide inhibitor. Results in viral particles that bud from the cell, but do not mature and are non-infectious. Major side effects are changes in fat distribution and metabolic abnormalities. |
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Term
| Inhibition of Viral Release |
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Definition
Block influenza (A and B) neuraminidase. Reduce duration of symptoms – use controversial for seasonal flu but good effectiveness against H5N1 (avian flu).
Zanamivir – inhalational route, resistance develops rapidly
Oseltamivir – Good oral bioavailability |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-CMV. Antisense oligonucleotide designed to irreversibly bind to mRNA of viral IE2 regulatory protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| 22-carbon saturated alcohol, effective against enveloped viruses (particularly HSV). Topical (cold sore treatment). |
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Term
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Definition
| “Broad spectrum antiviral” but only approved for inhalation in RSV treatment and with interferon for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Quasi-nucleoside analogue (sugar attached to non-natural base). Lowering of cellular GTP levels thought to be main mechanism of action, but viral RNA pol inhibition also possible. |
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Term
Vaccination
(Immune system modulation) |
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Definition
| Active and Passive. Rabies vaccine used therapeutically. |
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Term
Interferon-α
(Immune System Modulation) |
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Definition
| Used to treat HCV, HBV, HPV infection, Kaposi Sarcoma virus (KSV, HHV8) lesions |
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Term
Imiquimod
(Immune System Modulation) |
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Definition
| Interacts with TLR7 and TLR8 to boost innate immunity. Used to treat HPV-related disease. |
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