Term
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Definition
These are medications used to treat (not cure) psychological disorders such as:
Schizophrenia
Delusional disorders
Bipolar disorders
Depressive psychoses
Drug-induced psychoses |
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Term
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Definition
Illness including disordered thinking
Inability to comprehend reality
Usually presents in adolescence or early adulthood
Currently there are 3 distinct symptom types used in this diagnosis
Etiology remains unclear |
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Term
| schizophrenia positive S/S |
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Definition
| an exageration of normal function- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and or speech, paranoia |
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Term
| schizophrenia negative S/S |
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Definition
| social.emotional withdrawl, poor insight.judgement or self care |
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Term
| schizophrenia cognitive S/S |
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Definition
| disordered thinking, inability to focus, learning or memory difficulties |
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Term
| schizophrenia meds and SE |
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Definition
Medications can be loosely divided into typical and atypical groups
Most are effective against positive S/S while not as effective against the negative S/S
The atypical meds are more successful against both + and – S/S
However, multiple SE and adverse reactions are concerning |
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Term
| which is the most concerning of the SE of schizo meds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement
There are 4 types: 3 occur early (acute dystonia, parkinsonism and akathisia. The 4th occurs late: tardive dyskinesia |
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Term
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Definition
| tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia ( muscle movement), akinesia (loss of muscle movement), shuffling gait and postural instability |
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Term
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Definition
| develops in 15-20% of long-term use patients, twisting, worm-like movements of the tongue (early S/S) and face, lip-smacking and flicking of the tongue (late S/S) |
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Term
| atypical agents used for schizo |
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Definition
by far the most common used.
They have a similar effect as the conventional agents on + S/S, however, they have a much better effect on the – S/S.
There are fewer adverse reactions with a lower rate of relapse
They do have a high risk of weight gain and diabetes.
They work by blocking the receptors for dopamine and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| “inner restlessness” the inability to sit still |
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Term
| schizophrenia atypical agents |
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Definition
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Aripiprazole (Abilify) |
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Term
| schizophrenia conventional agents |
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Definition
Not commonly used
Have inc SE, especially EPS
Work by blocking the receptors of dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine and norepinephrine in varying degrees
Haloperidol (Haldol) |
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Term
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Definition
most common psycho disorder. Depression can come out of the blue or be situational in origin (loss of a job, loss of a loved one, birth of a child, serious illness/injury).
Some are more vulnerable: genetic heritage, difficult childhood, chronic low self-esteem.
about 30% effected at one point in lives- 30% of that receive treatment Of those treated ~40% have full remission, 20-30% have at least a 50% reduction in S/S. |
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Term
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Definition
| - caused by a functional insufficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin or both) however simplistic an explanation it helps with explaining this disease |
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Term
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Definition
At least 5 of the following S/S must be present, with one or both of the first 2 being present:
Depressed mood most of the day
Loss of interest or please in all or almost all activities
Significant weight loss/gain without dieting or inc/dec appetite
Insomnia/hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation/retardation
Fatigue/loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness
dec ability to think/concentrate or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death/suicide or an actual attempted suicide |
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Term
| depression typical treatment |
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Definition
Pharmacology
Depression-specific psychotherapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Vagus nerve stimulation
Suicide:
Pharmacological treatment may this risk by “clearing up” the thought process |
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
most effective. yet inc SE/AR, suicide, and are not generally used (most effective-most dangerous). These block monoamine (norepinephrine and serotonin) reuptake.therefore not allowing these neurotransmitters to be routed back to the nerve terminals they allow these neurotransmitters to accumulate within the synaptic space and thereby intensifying their transmission or therapeutic response (euphoria) which will in theory counteract the depressive feelings.
-Amitriptyline |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s): |
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Definition
They will inhibit serotonin uptake at the synaptic junction thereby making this substance much more available and intensifying its actions (euphoria).
Most commonly used med
Less SE, suicide and OD problems than with the tricyclics.
Fluoxetine (Prozac) the standard of the SSRI group
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Citalopram (Celexa) |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) |
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Definition
not common- doesnt play well with anything. Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
The antidepressant effects are thought to be from an inhibition of the neurotransmitters to be utilized by the nerve terminals and therefore making a higher amount or concentration of the neurotransmitters (norepi, serotonin & dopamine) available at the synaptic junction, which leads to an enhanced effect of these neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual dysfunction (up to 70%)
Nausea
Headache
CNS stimulation S/S (nervousness, insomnia, anxiety)
Weight gain
Serotonin syndrome (with the usage of all SSRI’s)
Begins 2-72 hours after initial administration
Most likely seen if the SSRI’s are mixed with the MAOI’s
S/S include
Altered mental status (usually agitation, confusion, disorientation, anxiety, hallucinations, and/or poor concentration), excessive sweating, tremor, fever
Death can occur with this syndrome
This should resolve spontaneously upon the discontinuation of the SSRI. |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) SE/AR |
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Definition
Hypertensive crisis due to intake of dietary tyramine: aged products-cheese, wine, yeasts, fermented sausages: bologna, pepperoni, etc.
Orthostatic hypotension
CNS stimulation (which may lead to anxiety, agitation, and possibly mania) |
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Term
| Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors SNRIs |
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Definition
common. Similar in action to the SSRI’s
Block neuronal reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
SE’s: N/V, insomnia, dry mouth, fatigue, hypotension
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta) |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanism of action is unclear, thought to block dopamine uptake.
SE’s: seizures, agitation, headache, dry mouth
Several meds, however, only one is used commonly
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) |
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Term
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Definition
Disorder with multiple components or moods:
Pure manic episodes (Euphoria): heightened or irritable mood usually with hyperactivity, excessive enthusiasm or flight of ideas.
Major Depressive Episodes (Depression): depressed mood, loss of pleasure or interest in all or most of daily life or activities. |
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Term
| Bi Polar disorder med classes |
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Definition
Multiple medication classifications used for this disorder:
Mood stabilizers
Anti-psychotics
Antidepressants |
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Term
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Definition
| blood level monitoring- must be below 1.5mEq/l- above and toxicity ensures. |
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Term
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Definition
<1.5: N/V, diarrhea, abdominal bloating, anorexia, muscle weakness, fine hand tremor
1.5-2.0: GI upset, coarse hand tremor, confusion, sedation
2.0-2.5: ataxia, giddiness, UO, EKG changes, seizures
>2.5: convulsions, oliguria and death |
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Term
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Definition
drug of choice for bipolar. Works as well as Lithium yet with a faster onset.
Well tolerated, however, can cause serious toxicity: thrombocytopenia, pancreatitis and liver failure (all require immediate D/C) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tegretal- for bi polar. helps with mania and depression. |
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