Term
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Definition
1) Penicillins
2) Cephalosporins
3) Β-Lactamase inhibitors
4)Monobactams
5) Carbapenems |
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Term
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Definition
i.Bactericidal
ii.Time-dependent
iii.Post-Antibiotic Effect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Poor to modest oral bioavailability |
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Term
| Distribution of B-Lactams |
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Definition
1) Wide extracellular distribution (but not good intracellular penetration)
2) Good penetration in extracellular fluids
3) Poor penetration into deep tissues and certain compartments (e.g. CNS; prostate) but enhanced by inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Renal Elimination (High in Urine Concentrations) |
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Term
| Adverse Effects of B-Lactams |
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Definition
1) Dose-Dependent (Type A)
2) Allergies (Type B)
Cross reactions possible between beta-lactams but not likely. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Basic penicillins
2) Aminopenicillins
3) B-Lactamase-Resistant Penicillins
4) Extended Spectrum Penicillins |
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Term
Drugs to know:
Basic Penicillins (2) |
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Definition
1. Penicillin G
2. Penicillin V |
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Term
Drugs to Know:
Aminopenicillins (2) |
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Definition
1. Amoxicillin
2. Ampicillin |
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Term
Drugs to Know:
B-Lactamase-Resistant Penicillins (2) |
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Definition
1.Methicillin
2. Oxacillin |
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Term
Drugs to know:
Extended Spectrum Penicillins (2) |
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Definition
1. Ticarcillin
2. Piperacillin |
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Term
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Definition
| When you real too high of a local concentration, penicillins can lose their efficacy. |
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Term
| Penicillin G and Penicillin V Spectrum of Activity: |
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Definition
Gram + (including anaerobes)
Pasteurella (Mannheimia) |
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Term
| Amoxicillin and Ampicillin Spectrum of Activity: |
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Definition
- Gram + (including anaerobes)
- Pasteurella and some Gram - |
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Term
| Methicillin and Oxacillin: Spectrum of Activity |
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Definition
1. Gram + (including β-lactamase + and anaerobes)
2. Less efficient against Gram + anaerobes and Gram – |
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Term
| Ticarcillin penicillins: Spectrum of Activity |
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Definition
1.Gram + and Gram – (including Pseudomonas and Proteus) including anaerobes
2. Less efficient against Gram + |
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Term
Penicillin Combinations:
Synergy with Aminoglycosides |
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Definition
| CANNOT be mixed in a syringe as are incompatible in vitro! |
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Term
| Penicillin Toxicity and Contraindications |
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Definition
1) Type A: Dose Dependent
- GI upset
-Cardiac arrest
-CNS toxicity
2) Type B- Allergic reactions
- relatively frequent
-cross reactivity between penicillins; with cephalosporins. |
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Term
Penicillin Clinical Use:
Should Anti-pseudomonals be used empirically or as first line antibiotics? |
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Definition
| NOOO! Always run sensitivty! |
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Term
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Definition
1) 1st Generation
2)2nd Generation
3) 3rd Generation
4) 4th Generation- human med only |
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Term
| Is there a significant difference between drugs inside one generation group? |
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Definition
| Yes! Always check literature! |
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Term
| Cephalosporin Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
i.Bactericidal
ii.Time-dependent
iii.Post-antibiotic effect
(PAE)
*Mainly extracellular bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
1st Generation
-Gram + including anaerobes and B-lactamase +
-Modest Gram - |
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Term
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Definition
1st Generation
-gram + anaerobes and B-lactamse +
- Modest Gram - |
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Term
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Definition
2nd Generation
decrease gram - and increase gram +
Examples: Pasteurella; Klebsiella |
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Term
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Definition
2nd Generation
decrease gram - and increase gram +
Examples: Pasteurella; Klebsiella |
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Term
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Definition
3rd Generation
-Food Animal Med.
- |
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Term
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Definition
3rd Generation
-Really Decrease Gram + but Really increase Gram –
Examples: Some Enterobacteriacae, Pseudomonas |
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Term
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Definition
3rd Generation
-Really Decrease Gram + but Really increase Gram –
Examples: Some Enterobacteriacae, Pseudomonas |
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Term
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Definition
3rd Generation
-Really Decrease Gram + but Really increase Gram –
Examples: Some Enterobacteriacae, Pseudomonas |
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Term
| Cephalosporin Spectrum of Action |
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Definition
| 1.Mainly extracellular bacteria (because of poor cell penetration) |
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Term
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Definition
-3rd Generation with a very long half life!
-CONVENIA! lasts for 14 days! |
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Term
| Cephalosporins Pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
-Exctracellular distribution
-low penetration in deep tissue and compartments; better than penicillins though and enhanced by inflammation. |
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Term
| Cephalosporin Combinations: |
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Definition
Synergy with Aminoglycosides
-Wall disruptors--> AG penetration |
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Term
| Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors |
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Definition
1) Clavulanic Acid
2) Sulbactam |
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Term
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Definition
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor
absorbed orally
Used in conjunction with penicillins or cephalosporins. |
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Term
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Definition
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor
absorbed poorly oral route; injection
Used with penicillins or cephalasporins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Monobactam
Most Gram – (including Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, Pasteurella) but NOT Gram +
-Resistant against some β-lactamases |
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Term
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Definition
Carbapenems
-Active against more Gram + and Gram - both aerobes and anaerobes |
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