Term
| on an antibody, how many light chains and how many heavy chains? |
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Definition
2 identical light chains
2 identical heavy chains |
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Term
| how many business ends of antibody molecule |
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Definition
2 business ends to antibody molecule:
Fragment that binds antigen (Fab)
And Fc region: all receptors engage the Fc portion of the molecule (whether it is IgG, etc) |
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Term
| Structural variability of an antibody: describe the light chain and heavy chain variations: |
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Definition
Even in light chain and heavy chain there are variable domains
(end terminal variable L and variable H)
(single constant light and a series of constant H: Constant H1, Constant H2, Constant H3)
(and even Constant heavy 4 in certain isotypes) |
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Term
| 5 isotypes of antibody molecules (aka classes) |
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Definition
1) IgM
2) IgD
3) IgG
4) IgA
5) IgE |
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Term
| Isotype for light chain comes in 2 forms (do not contribute to Fc) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies being proteins can serve as antigens (you can make antibodies against antibodies) if you say that they recognize constant heavy chains, then you will say that they will recognize the 5 isotypes (IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgG) |
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Term
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Definition
An antibody against an antibody (against the constant part of the antibody)
(one that recognizes constant portions of heavy chains will measure the isotypes)
Antibody for light chain can distinguish between lambda and kappa light chains (create an antigen on the antibody itself for which you can make another antibody and use it in laboratory to see how much lambda versus how much kappa you have) |
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Term
| contrast idiotype and isotype |
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Definition
Idiotype: is antigenic component of variable portion of antibody molecule; defines the antigenicity of the combining site for antigen (ex. an antibody as a protein can serve an an antigen)
isotype: defines constant elements of either heavy chain or light chain |
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Term
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Definition
| One that defines one specific domain of an antibody (one determinant/element) |
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Term
| Ab1 and Ab2 idiotype example: |
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Definition
Ab2 reacts with Ab1 (works against Ab1)
When you first make an antibody it’s a new protein in host organism, so you develop antibodies against the new antibodies (idiotype versus anti-idiotype reaction); a way to control the amount of the first antibody
-way to regulate certain specificities for an antigen
(doesn’t recognize the constant portions, however, the combining site will almost be like a new protein) ; |
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Term
| a b cell will have a unique _______ for antigen based on the variable domain on heavy and the variable domain on light chain |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the different forces/interactions/bonds involved when antibodies bind to antigen: |
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Definition
1) hydrophobic,
2) electrostatic,
3) vanderwalls,
4) dissociable noncovalent interactions (these are all how antibodies bind to antigens)
If noncovalent it means that it is a dissociable reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as binding strength for a single specific site on antibody to the unique determinant on the antigen itself |
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Term
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Definition
When you first encounter Ag, you know its binding strength for antigen is in a certain range, and then next time you see that antigen, its binding affinity increases, and so on. Refers to the fact that in adaptive immune system there is memory, remembers having seen that antigen
-this creates increased kinetics and magnitude (quantity of antibody produced)) |
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Term
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Definition
| defines the binding strength at multiple combining sights of antibody for antigen. IgM has 10 sites for antigen, so typically, you would say IgM has higher ______ than IgG bc it has more combining sites than IgG does. 10 binding sites versus 2 binding sites means it has a greater _______. |
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Term
| what is the difference between avidity and affinity? |
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Definition
avidity- defines the binding strength at multiple combining sights of antibody for antigen. IgM has 10 sites for antigen and IgG only 2, so you would say IgM has higher avidity than IgG bc it has more combining sites than IgG does.
- Affinity describes strength of binding instead of the amount of sites bound. This is true if both have same affinity. |
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Term
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Definition
defines constant elements of heavy chain in form of M G D A and E
for light chain is lambda and kappa |
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Term
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Definition
| determines antigenicity of antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that elicit an immune response |
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Term
| Immunogenic heirarcy (from most immunogenic to least)- |
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Definition
1) Proteins
a. High MW proteins first
b. Low MW proteins next
2) Carbohydrates
a. You can couple it to a protein backbone to make it more immunogenic
3) Lipids/ nucleic acids
a. Poor immunogens, much weaker than proteins and carbohydrates
b. However you can couple them to protein backbone to make it more immunogenic |
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Term
| why Immunogenicity is important |
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Definition
| it is important to understand because we need to know what triggers the strongest immune response (protein antigens are the best to use for immunization) |
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Term
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Definition
Important phenomenon; in ABO blood group system is system of antigens that are glycolipid in nature (bound to RBCs through lipid anchor)
There is a core glycan on each (core carb that all 3 forms possess) ; the core glycan is GalNac bound to Gal bound to Fucose (bound in erythrocyte membrane in every person
-this is what happens if you transfuse the wrong blood |
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Term
| what is a core glycan composed of? |
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Definition
| (core carb that all 3 blood types possess) ; the core glycan is GalNac bound to Gal bound to Fucose (bound in erythrocyte membrane in every person |
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Term
| what is the structure of the 3 blood types? |
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Definition
A: Core glycan bound to GalNac
B: Core glycan bound to Gal
O: Core glycan
If you have type AB blood, then you are heterogeneous so half your blood will be bound to G and the other half bound to GalNac |
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Term
| How do you already have antibodies to different blood types if you have never had a transfusion before? Your body has antibodies against core glycan attached to galactose |
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Definition
| Answer: we are stimulated to make antibodies against microbes in our GI tract |
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Term
| what antibodies are present with certain blood types? |
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Definition
O blood: has anti-A and anti-B antibodies (shows how highly specific antibodies are)
A blood: has anti-B antibodies
B blood: has anti-A antibodies
AB blood: has no blood antibodies |
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Term
| Are AB people more susceptible to infection because they have no blood antibodies? |
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Definition
Nope… they have same levels as other people bc you make antibodies against other things
also blood antibodies don't correlate with infections |
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Term
| do some people have anti-core glycan antibodies? |
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Definition
Yes, but only some people with autoimmune diseases.
everyone possesses core glycans, thus we are not supposed to have antibodies against them |
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Term
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Definition
| blood is universal donor (bc you express things that everyone else has) |
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Definition
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