Term
| Penicillin Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Bactericidal; Weakens cell wall causing cell wall to burst |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow spectrum penicillinase sensitive; Narrow spectrum penicillinase resistant; Broad spectrum; Extended spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial infections- specific to infection |
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Term
| Penicillin Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Caution in renal disease (toxicity); pregnancy; lactation |
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Term
| Penicillin Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Neurotoxicity if blood levels are too high |
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Term
| Penicillin Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea; Pain at injection site |
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Term
| Penicillin Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
| Cultures; Renal function; From a nursing perspective- know that different forms of penicillin have different admin routes (Pen VK is only oral form) |
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Term
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Definition
| Observe patient for at least 30 min after giving parenteral dose- S/S allergic reaction; Renal function (Creatinine and BUN) |
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Term
| Penicillin Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Pen VK oral can be taken with meals; Complete the prescribed course of treatment; Report signs of allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta-lactamase, specifically penicillinase, renders Penicillin inactive; Avoid combining with bacteriostatic antibiotics b/c won't work; probenecid prolongs effects |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Bactericidal; Weakens cell wall |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Indications |
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Definition
| Bacteria- specific to suceptibility |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or severe allergic reactions to penicillin (cross-reactivity) |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Allergic Reaction; Bleeding (cefotan only) |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Thrombophlebitis at IV infusion site; Pain at IM injection site; Disulfiram-like reaction (get nausea/sick) when taking cefotetan and alcohol |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
| Renal function (dosage should be reduced for renal insufficiency- except ceftriaxone) |
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Term
| Cephalosporins 'Cefazolin' Notes |
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Definition
| 4 generations- as they progress there is more activity against gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes, increasing resistance to beta-lactamase, increased ability to reach cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
| Vancomycin Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Inhibits cell wall synthesis leading to cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis); MRSA; Serious infections that are susceptible or in patients with Penicillin allergy |
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Term
| Vancomycin Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Possible patients with known corn or corn product allergies; Pregnancy |
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Term
| Vancomycin Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Ototoxicity (often reversible); Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| Vancomycin Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Rapid IV infusion- flushing, rash, pruritis, urticartia, tachycardia, and hypotension (uncomfortable for patient); Thrombophlebitis |
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Term
| Vancomycin Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
| Cultures; WBC; Fever; Renal function |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic CBC if taking for long time or high doses; Serum concentrations: trough 10-20 mg/L |
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Term
| Vancomycin Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Report S/S of allergy; Report decreased hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Use with gentamicin increases risk for nephrotoxicity |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Bactericidal; Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Indications |
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Definition
| Aerobic gram negative bacilli; Cannot kill anaerobes |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Contraindications |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Ototoxicity (impairs both hearing and balance)- associated with elevated trough levels; Nephrotoxicity associated with total cumulative dose and high peak levels; Neuromuscular blockade; Blood dyscrasias |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
| Caution in patients with renal impairment, pre-existing hearing impairment, myasthenia gravis, patients receiving other ototoxic or nephrotoxic drugs and neuromuscular blocking agents |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Monitoring |
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Definition
| Serum levels: Trough only if dosing one time per day; Peak and trough if divided doses; Trough: drawn just before dose given, Peak: drawn 30 minutes after IV infusion complete; Renal function: BUN and creatinine |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Report symptoms of ototoxicity (tinnitus, hearing loss, persistent headache, nausea, unsteadiness, dizziness, vertigo) |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides 'Gentamicin' Notes |
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Definition
Not absorbed by GI tract
Does not enter CSF
Rapidly excreted by kidneys
Risk for toxicity increases with concomitant neurotoxic, ototoxic, or nephrotoxic drugs; extremes in age, dehydration |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Bactericidal; Inhibits bacterial enzymes |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Indications |
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Definition
| Preferred drug for preventing Anthrax in people who have inhaled spores; Active against a variety of organisms; Not useful for anaerobes |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Tizanidine (antifungal) administration- risk of toxicity |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Achilles tendon rupture (particularly elderly and children) |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| GI reactions; Dizziness; Headache; Restlessness; Confusion; Candida infections; Elderly: confusion, somnolence, psychosis, visual disturbances; Phototoxicity |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Monitoring |
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Definition
| Renal function CBC; PT/INR if patient on warfarin |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Aluminum or Magnesium containing antacids, iron, zinc, sucralfate, milk and dairy products should be taken 6 hours prior or 2 hours after administration; Avoid sun exposure- sunscreen not effective |
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Term
| Quinolone 'Ciprofloxacin' Notes Absorption can be reduced by compounds that contain cations |
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Definition
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic; Inhibits synthesis of folic acid in bacterial cells |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Indications |
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Definition
| UTI (e. coli) Susceptible Bacteria; Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Infants <2 months; Pregnant patients at therm; Lactation; Megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Blood dyscrasias; Hemolytic anemia in susceptible patients; Kernicterus (neurologic damage due to elevated bilirubin) in newborns; Stevens-Johnson syndrome (rare) |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Rash; Urticaria; Anorexia; Nausea; Vomiting; Photosensitivity |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
| Renal function (primarily excreted via kidneys) |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Monitoring |
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Definition
| Periodic CBC in long term therapy |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Maintain adequate hydration (8-10 glasses of fluid per day)- older sulfas form crystals in the kidneys; Report sore throat, fever, pallor; Take on empty stomach; Minimize sun exposure |
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Term
| Sulfonamide 'Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim' Notes |
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Definition
| Cross-allergy; Thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, sulfonylurea |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Mechanism of action |
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Definition
| Inhibition of protein synthesis- bacteriostatic; Preferred treatment for Legionaires' Disease |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Indications |
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Definition
| Similar to penicillin; works agains Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Congenital QT prolongation; Certain antidysrhythmic drugs |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| QT prolongation and sudden death (high concentrations) when combined with CYP3A4 inhibitor; Bowel suprainfection |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| GI disturbance (minimize by administering with food); Thrombophlebitis; Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Monitoring |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Taking on empty stomach is preferred but can take with food if GI upset; Notify prescriber of severe/persistent diarrhea |
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Term
| Macrolide 'Erythromycin' notes |
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Definition
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Term
| Tetracyclines Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic; Inhibits protein synthesis; Broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Term
| Tetracyclines Indications |
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Definition
| First line for rickettsial diseases, Chlamydia, brucellosis, cholera, Lyme disease, anthrax, H. pylori |
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Term
| Tetracyclines Contraindications |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity; Last half of pregnancy, infancy, childhood up to 8 years of age; Renal insufficiency |
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Term
| Tetracyclines Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Hepatotoxicity (high dose IV administration); Renal toxicity (when renal impairment already exists) |
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Term
| Tetracyclines Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| GI irritation; Suprainfection causing severe diarrhea or overgrowth of fungi- itching, inflammatory lesions, black furry tongue; Photosensitivity |
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Term
| Tetracyclines Preadministration assessment |
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Definition
| Renal function (mostly renal excretion); Pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tetracyclines Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Notify prescriber if diarrhea or symptoms of fungal infection; Do not take with drugs of food products containing metal ions separate by at least 2 hours; Use sunscreen |
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Term
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Definition
| May cause permanent discoloration of teeth when used during tooth development; Can form non absorbable chelates with metal ions such as calcium, iron, magnesium, aluminum, zinc)- all interfere with tetracycline absorption, separate by at least 2 hours |
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Inhibits viral Replication |
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Indications |
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Definition
| Herpes simplex, Varicella-zoster |
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Contraindications |
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Definition
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Serious Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura; Stevens Johnson Syndrome; Renal failure |
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Common Adverse Effects |
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Definition
Contact dermatitis (topical application); GI disturbance; Headache; Malaise
Elderly: neurologic adverse effects |
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Preadministration assessment/Monitoring |
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Definition
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Term
| Purine Nucleoside Analogue 'Acyclovir' Key Patient Education |
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Definition
| Maintain adequate hydration (oral tx); If intermittent therapy- initiate therapy at earliest sign or symptom of breakout; Use gloves to apply ointment(prevent transmission); Cannot be given IM |
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