Term
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Definition
g=parenteral, v=oral
active against G+
susceptible to B lacatamases |
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Term
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Definition
penicillin resistant, narrow spectrum
protected against B lactamases
Used only against pen-G resistan staphylocci
not effective against G- |
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Term
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Definition
broad-spectrum (aminopenicillins)
additional activity against G-
susceptible to B lactamases |
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Term
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Definition
carboxypenicillin
pseudomonas aeurginosa
other G- infections
susceptible to B lactamase
large doses cause sodium overload |
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Term
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Definition
ureidopenicillin
pseudomonas aeurginosa
other G- infections
susceptible to B lactamase |
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Term
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Definition
most common drug allergy
due to breakdown into peniccoyl which binds proteins
cross reactive to beta lactams
hypersensitivity can be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
high against G+
alternative if mild penicillin allergy
prophylaxis in surgery |
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Term
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Definition
more active against G-
resistance to B lactamases
less active than 1st gen to G+
poor CNS penetration |
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Term
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Definition
good CNS penetration and good against G-
meningitis and gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
broad spectrum, good CNS,
useful in empirical treatment |
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Term
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Definition
cleared by kidney
poor absorption of many of them
hypersensitivity, diarrhea, potentially nephrotoxic |
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Term
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Definition
B lactam w/ broad spectrum
binds PBP1 and PBP 2
primarily kidney elimination
cilastatin prevents renal inactivation
nausea, diarhhea, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
Monobactam
binds PB3 to inhibit cell wall synth.
active toward G- only
IV due to poor absorption
excreted by kidneys
resistant to B lactamases
safe in patients with penicillin allergy |
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Term
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Definition
tricyclic glycopeptied
prevents polymerization of cell wall precursors
only works in G+
excreted by kidneys
treats MRSA, severe CDAD
Ok for penicillin allergies
ototoxic, red man syndrom, thrombophlebiits |
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Term
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Definition
phosphoenol pyruvate analogue for G- UTI
inhibits production of murein monomers
enters bacteria via glycerophosphate monomer |
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Term
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Definition
works on G+
cyclic polypeptide
inhibits bactoprenol dephosphorylation
bactoprenol trans murein monomers into periplasmic space
used topically with other agents
nephrotoxic in high concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
interfere with protein synthesis
streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin (SANG)
HIGHLY POLAR--not well distributed
attract LPS
bactericidal against G-
passive diffusion through porins then active transport into cytosol (O2 dependent)
binds 30S and causes RNA misreading
blockade of translocation
LONG post antibiotic effect |
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Term
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Definition
aminoglycoside
2nd line for tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
| combine with B lactam to fight G+ cocci and also effective in combo againsst G- organisms |
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Term
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Definition
aminoglycoside
least susceptible into inactivation |
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Term
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Definition
aminoglycoside
topical therapy |
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Term
| aminoglycosides (adverse reactions) |
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Definition
ototoxicity if long exposure
nephrotoxicity
neuromuscular blockade |
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Term
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Definition
transported by active transport
binds 30S, inhibits binding of tRNAs to A site of mRNA ribosomal complex
resistance due to production of interfering proteins or efflux transporters
orally effective, forms chelates, distributed widely in CNS, bone teeth, placent, breast milk |
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Term
| tetracycline (uses and adverse rxns) |
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Definition
G+ and G- organisms
tigecycline--new and effective
rickettsia, chlamydia, lyme disaese, anthrax, mycoplasma pneumonia
acne and periodontal disease
treat peptic ulcer with metronidazole combo
prophylaxis of malaria
ADVERSE: GI irritation, bone and teeth deposition (don't give to kids), renal toxicity, superinfection (CDAD), hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity |
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Term
| Macrolides (erythromycin) |
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Definition
bacteriostatic
bind reversibly to P site on 50S, inhibiting translocation
Resistance--efflux or methylation of 50S subunit via erm ghepatic metabolism via cyp3A4--interacts with other drugs
Legionnaire's, whooping cough, diptherica, chlamydia
ADVERSE: GI irritation chestatic hepatitis, prolonged Q-T |
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Term
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Definition
Lincosamide
binds at 50S to block peptide bond formation
G+ aerobes
Group A strep, gas gangrene, abdominal and pelvic bacteroides fragilis
diarrhea and CAD--adverse |
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Term
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Definition
binds peptidyl transferase to prevent attachment of incoming tRNA to A site
MRSA, G- anaerobes
widely distributed and liver metabolism
resistance--acetyltransferase
only for life threatening situations
ADVERSE--grey baby, bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
oxazolidinone
binds at unique site of 23S rRNA of 50S subunite--blocks fomration of initiation complex
use--MDR G+--VRE and MRSA
ADVERSE--myelosuppression (anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia)
interacts w/ MAOIs and SSRIs |
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Term
| quinupristin-dalfopristin |
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Definition
synergistic combo
bind to peptidyl transferase of 23S rRNA to block initiation
dalfopristin--inhibits peptidyl transferase
Quinupristin binds at macrolide ssite
mainly for G+
ADVERSE--hyperbilirubinemia and myalgia/arthralgia |
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Term
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Definition
(ciprofloxacin)
inhibit one of two topoisomerase II enzymes
prophylaxis of anthrax
urogenital tions
ADVERSE--tendon rupture, confusion, prolonged Q-T interval
CDAD
inc. plasma levels of warfarin and theophylline
reduced absorption with cations |
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Term
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Definition
anaerobic bacteria and protozoa
prodrug--PFOR or nitroreductase in anaerobes produces cytotoxic intermediates that destray DNA!
use for CDAD
Use with tetracycline to fight H. pylori
ADVERSE--headache, GI disturbances, weird colored urine, metallic taste
CYP3A4 substrate |
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Term
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Definition
sulfonamide
inhibits dihydropteroate synthase (folic acid synthesis)--prevents DNA replication
board spectrum G+/G-
E coli UTI
ADVERSE
Kernictus, hypersensitivity, hemolytic anemia, renal damage |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase
use against G- and G+
UTIs
bone marrow suppression |
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Term
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Definition
synergistic TMP/SMX
broad spectrum of G+/G-
ADVERSE: myelosuppression
UTIs, pneumocystis jirovici pneumonia
otitis media infections |
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Term
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Definition
cycli lipopetide
Ca++ dependent insertion into membrane
only active against G+
skin infections by MRSA or VRSA
ADVERSE-myopathy |
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Term
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Definition
polymyxin E
binds plasma membrane and disrupts bilayer
two forms--sulfate (dermal, oculare, GI) and methate (parenteral)
MDR G-
ADVERSE--neuro/nephro toxic |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
passively diffuses into mycobacteria
activated by KatG
resistance--change in KatG gene
inactivated by liver acetylatin
treats TB
peripheral neuropathy due to loss of B6
Hepatotoxicity--potentially fatal necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
Rifamycin
binds to B subunit of RNA polymerase
resistance--muation of rpoB
treats TB, leprosy, H influenzae, S aureus, Legionalla, Neisseria meningitidis
ADVERSE--hepatotoxic (jaundice and hepatitis)
discoloration of body fluids
induces many CYP forms |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits mycolic acid syntehsis via arabinosyl transferase III
resistance--embAB gene
use to treat TB in combo
ADVERSE--optic neuritis |
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Term
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Definition
prodrug--converted to pyrazinoic acid by mycobacterial pyrazinamidase
treat TB
ADVERSE--hepatotoxic, hyperuricemia(gout) |
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Definition
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