Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes
Mechanism: activates insulin receptors on target tissues, clear glucose from the blood and to increase anabolic activity in the liver/adipose/skeletal muscle
Indication: Type 1 and 2
Contraindications: hypersensitivity to insulin
Adverse effects: HYPOGLYCEMIA, INSULIN-SHOCK
Administration: subcutaneous or IV, continuous pumps rapid/short acting only
Absorption: differ in peaks and durations |
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Term
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Definition
admin of inulsin in absence of adequate carbohydrate intake
Symptoms: impaired neurologic functions, inability to concentrate, slurred speech, lack of coordination, staggering, mimics alcohol intoxication
Tx: glucose (tablet, candy bar, fruit juice) or glucagon admin |
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Term
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Definition
lispro, aspart, glulisine
[Humalog, novolog, apidra] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| intermediate-acting insulins |
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Definition
NPH
[Humulin, novolin, iletin] |
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Term
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Definition
detemir, glargine
[levemir, lantus] |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
Mechanism: inhibit alpha-glucosidase in SI, delays carb digestion and absorption, smaller spike in postprandial glucose
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in DM2
Contraindications: diabetic ketoacidosis, disease of colon, chronic intestinal disease w/ digestion or absorption issues, breastfeeding
Adverse effects: GI UPSET (FLATULENCE, N, D), low serum iron levels; smaller risk of hypoglycemia/lactic acidosis/weight gain
Administration: oral three times a day with first bite of meal |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitor
Mechanism: inhibit SGLT2 in proximal renal tubules, reduce reabsorption of filtered glucose, increased excretion of glucose, reduced plasma glucose
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic DM2
Contraindication: renal impairment
Adverse effects: yeast infection, UTI, enhanced serum potassium
Administration: oral admin 1x daily |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, incretin, GLP1-receptor agonist
Mechanism: agonist at GLP1R, pontentiate glucose-mediated insulin secretion and supporess postprandial glucagon release
Indication: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in DM2
Contraindication: Type 1DM, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal impairment, severe GI disease, breastfeeding
Adverse effects: GI disturbance (dyspepsia, N, V, D), pancreatitis
Administration: subcutaneous injection |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin secretagogue, sulfonylureas
Mechanism: increase release of insulin; close ATP-sensitive K+ channels, depolarizes cell and triggers insulin release
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with DM2 that have functioning beta cells
Contraindications: type 1DM, diabetic ketoacidosis, endothelin receptor antagonist, pregnancy/breastfeeding
Adverse effects HYPOGLYCEMIA, WEIGHT GAIN, disulfiram-like reactions, GI upset, (N,V,D, anorexia, hunger)
Administration: oral, once daily |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes
Mechanism: reduces hypoglycemia by activating catabolic actions in the liver to increase blood glucose, relaxes smooth muscle of GI tract
Indications: severe hypoglycemia 2* to excessive insulin
Contraindication: patients with pheochromocytoma or insulinoma, hypoglycemia 2* to starvation, adrenal insufficiency, chronic hypoglycemia
Adverse effects: N, V, hypotension
Administration: IV, IM, subcutaneous; give with carbs
Onset: 1-10minutes
Duration: 9-32 mintues |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin sensitizer
Mechanism: suppresses gluconeogenesis in liver, increase insulin-dependent peripheral glucose utilization; AMP-activated kinase
Effects: increase liver insulin sensitivity, decrease plasma glucose and triglyceride load
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in Type 2DM; including those with beta cell loss
Contraindications: renal disease (serum creatinine >1.5mg/dL, shock, acute MI, septicemia), acidosis, hypoxia, pregnancy/breastfeeding
Adverse effects: LACTIC ACIDOSIS |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin sensitizer, thiazolidinediones
Mechanism: activate nuclear peroxisome proliferator activate receptor (PARA-gamma), alters lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, increasing insulin sensitivity at target tissues
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in DM2
Contraindications: class III/IV failure, hepatic disease (P450 metabolized), pregnancy/breastfeeing
Adverse effects: INCREASE HDL, LDL AND TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, SLIGHT INCREASE IN ISCHEMIC EVENTS (MI AND AGINA), WEIGHT GAIN, fluid retention, bladder cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin secretagogue, meglitinides
Mechanism: closed ATP-sensitive K+ channels, depolarizes cell, triggers insulin release [distinct binding sight]
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control; controls postprandial hyperglycemia w/o risk of long-lasting hypoglycemia
Contraindications: type 1DM, diabetic ketoacidosis, endothelin receptor antagonist, pregnancy/breastfeeding
Adverse effects HYPOGLYCEMIA, WEIGHT GAIN, disulfiram-like reactions, GI upset, (N,V,D, anorexia, hunger) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin sensitizer, thiazolidinediones
Mechanism: activate nuclear peroxisome proliferator activate receptor (PARA-gamma), alters lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, increasing insulin sensitivity at target tissues
Effects: decrease lipolysis, decrease free fatty acids, increase insulin sensitivity
Indications: adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in DM2
Contraindications: class III/IV failure, hepatic disease (P450 metabolized), pregnancy/breastfeeing
Adverse effects: INCREASE HDL, LDL AND TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, SLIGHT INCREASE IN ISCHEMIC EVENTS (MI AND AGINA), WEIGHT GAIN, fluid retention |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, incretin, DPP4-inhibitor
Mechanism: inhibit DPP4 (enzyme for break down GLP1 to GIP), increases concentration of endogenous incretins, increase insulin release from beta cells
Contraindication: type 1 DM, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe GI disease, breastfeeding
Adverse effects: GI disturbance (dyspepsia, N, V, D), pancreatitis
Administration: oral |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Rapid acting (1hr peak) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Rapid-acting (1hr peak) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Rapid-acting (1hr peak) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Short-acting (4hr peak) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Intermediate-acting (4-7hr peak) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Long-acting |
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Term
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Definition
Class: anti-diabetes, insulin formation
Long-acting (peakless) |
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