Term
| The solutrean connections |
|
Definition
*made by 2 guys
*earliest americans came from France
*reason because of the tools and how they were made
*believe that people migrated believed the new world was there
*came around 2000 miles in skim boat
Most people believe it is not possible or bs |
|
|
Term
When did modern humans Arrive |
|
Definition
*mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 42,000-21,000YBP
*Dentition-Christy Turner studied non-metric traits of teeth; Amerinds 13,500 YBP
* linguistics - 1,000 Native languages -studied 300 words; Amerinds-11,000 YBP
Linguistic, Dental and mDNA-AMerinds 30,000 YBp
|
|
|
Term
| Earliest evidence for north america |
|
Definition
George McJunkin,9(was a freed slave)(self taught very smart) Foreman of the Crowfoot Ranch, Probably 1st discovered (1908) Folsom Points Associated with extinct bison remains in NE New Mexico
Folsom Point Associated with Bones of Extinct Bison antiquus at Folsom, NM in 1927 |
|
|
Term
| “Pull” Factors (attracted to Farming) |
|
Definition
| A view that foragers lived on the brink of starvation. Farming then provided food security and free time. |
|
|
Term
| “Push” Factors (Forced to Farm) |
|
Definition
Climate change that reduced wild food supplies
Population growth and diminished Food supplies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oasis Scenario v Gordon Childe
Post ice age Middle east warmed and dried. Animal, plants and humans compressed around water holes or oases.
Increased familiarity with plants and animals led to domestication |
|
|
Term
| Hilly Flanks-Fertile Crescent-Natural zones proposed by robert braidwood |
|
Definition
| Fertile Crescent including the Zagros Mts. contained native wheat, barley and oats. Human populations settled in these areas and depended heavily upon wild grains. Domestication followed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to take a plant or animal out of its native habitat and raise it in another habitat |
|
|
Term
| Post-Pleistocene (Ice Age) |
|
Definition
| rise in sea level creates rich coastal resources. Population grow and push inland. Disrupt foraging groups and forces them to domesticate native grains. |
|
|
Term
| Natufian Population Growth tells us |
|
Definition
*settlements and reduced mobility
*Shift in diet to starchy, carbohydrates.
*Critical fatness and female fertility
*Population growth
*Increased pressure on available land and resources
*Domestication of plants and animals |
|
|
Term
| Competitive Feasting Scenario |
|
Definition
| *complex hunter-gatherers who exploited rich resources had higher densities and engaged in competitive feasting. thus, in turn, led to domestication.(thinks this is crap) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Domesticated Plants may exhibit increased yiel per plant or per acre.
example: Maize: 10-12 bushels per acre
88,448KCAL/BU
88,480-1.06 MILLION KCAL
*Improved storage potential
*Decreased residential mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* Reduced Mobility- increased over-exploitation of soil nutrients, game and fuel
*decreased sanitation
*regional packing and increased competition with neighbors
*aggression and warfare
*decreased quality of nutrition and health |
|
|
Term
| Nutrition and Health Problems from agriculture |
|
Definition
Increased rates of cavities, etc,(dentist appears)
Foragers- 1.7%
Mixed-4.8%
Farmers-8.6%
*Decreased Stature
*reduced dietary diversity
*increased deficiencies of iron, zinc, calcium and niacin
*increased workload and osteoarthritis
*increased risk of famine and stunted growth
*increased risks of parasites and infectious disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*one great advantage of domesticated crops- they can be stored to cover seasonal/intermittent food shortages
*Crop storage in unprocessed states
*Crops can also be condensed, stored, and shipped as liquids- beer, wine, ciders, and spirits |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Civilizations |
|
Definition
*large, dense populations
*class structures
*ruling elite and centralized power
*Formalized religion
*Taxes(goods and Labor)
*Full-time specialists
*long-distance trade
*Monumental architecture
*Writing and mathematics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*nucleated settlements that are larger than hamlets(family homesteads) villages or small towns
*smaller cities contain 3,000-5,000 people
*Cities are central places and serve outlying hamlets, villages and towns
*Cities usually contain markets and a centralized governmen treflected by monumental architecture |
|
|
