Term
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Definition
| group assumed to be biologically distinct form other groups. ex. dog breeds |
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Term
| what is important about the census? |
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Definition
| it collects data about peoples race. population control. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who share cultural beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| observable trait or characteristic of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th century compared egyptians and perisans skulls. thought that environment and culture cause variations. |
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Term
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Definition
| thought that environment shaped peoples characteristics. ex blacks have curly hair cuz its hot. also invented the great chain of being |
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Term
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Definition
| nonbeings-plants-animals-man-demons-angles-god |
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Term
| what led to the development of race |
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Definition
| colonization and commerical capitolism. saw d/n people and let that influence them into thinking they were better than they were and therefore take them over. (dissociates guilt) |
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Term
linnaeus
-essentialism
-classification of humans |
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Definition
the father of taxonomy.
-everyone has an essence which is fixed and unchanging biologically.
-said that everyone can be divided into different groups based on opinion about peoples characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
invented eugenics.
process of improving heredity thru messurements. |
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Term
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Definition
| with the acceptance that the d/ns b/n people were scientific fact it took all of the guilt out of slavery immigration laws the kkk |
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Term
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Definition
| surveyed the size and shape of immigrants over time and found that they change. this disproves eugenics. |
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Term
| variation w/n human species |
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Definition
| variation is normal and necissary. can be seen through the animal kingdom. said by darwin. |
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Term
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Definition
| variation normal and necissay. thru animal kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
1. emphasizes homogeniety w/in groups and heterogenity b/n other groups.
2. not divided into groups that cant intermate
3. race is nothing more than a social construct not biological
4. it is a typological concept that is anti evolutionary.
5. it is a socially loaded word |
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Term
status
-ascribed
-achieved |
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Definition
| ascribed is status you are born into and achieved is the status must obtain thru achievement. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gradual variation in frequency of one or more traits over space. |
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Term
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Definition
| anthroist that look at their own culture. typically are biased |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a metaphor for dominant american culture |
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Term
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Definition
| max population a specific environment can suppport. once reached must instill new tech to further advance |
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Term
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Definition
| social r/ns that organize the production, echange and cosumption of goods and materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that satisfy basic human needs |
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Term
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Definition
| the way of organizing production within a society. ex. capitolism, communism |
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Term
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Definition
| division w/in a society that causes an unequal distribution of wealth prestige and power |
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Term
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Definition
| ways people in d/n societies obtain food |
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Term
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Definition
| all human techniques and methods used to reach a specific subsistence regime which usually includes ways to modify your environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the value of goods and services are set. in bigger bands typically cuz it allows for less personal kin trade relationships to be formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| society in which everyone shares basically the same wealth power and prestige. ex. small bands |
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Term
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Definition
| hunter gatherers who do not rely on domesticated plants or animals but rather subsist on wild game. |
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Term
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Definition
| equal sharing amoung a group. bands. |
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Term
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Definition
| where contemporary bands exist. environment that have become enmeshed in glbalization. restricted territory, displacement of people. overcrowding, epidemics etc |
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Term
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Definition
| based on exchanges amoung family groups no accumulation of wealth. in bands. |
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Term
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Definition
| old people rule the society |
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Term
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Definition
| domestication of plants. (subsistence pattern) |
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Term
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Definition
| economic exchange based on the value of goods and services and supply and demand. |
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Term
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Definition
| herding and domestication of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who own manages and controls the basic factors of the econ. has priveledged access to luxury items and organizes labor military etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| society based on d/n access to resources. ex social stratification. found in chiefdoms |
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Term
| redistributional econ exchange |
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Definition
| goods and services exchanged thru centalized system. typically run by the chief |
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Term
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Definition
| in state societies where only certain people get certain privileges. |
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Term
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Definition
| harnessing the power of animals, irrigation, fertilelizer |
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Term
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Definition
| in chiefdom. use of symbols beliefs and ideals that reflect and support the interests of society. applied by those in charge. explain how society should work. |
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Term
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Definition
the way of organizing production w/in a society
ex. capitolist society private ownership of the means of production. |
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Term
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Definition
-least complex
-tied together by kinship r/ns
-eglatarian
-leaders are chosen purely off of respect
-hunter gatherer subsistence
-monogomy patriclochal
-brideservice |
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Term
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Definition
-horticulturalist, pastoralists
-private porperty minimal accumulation of wealth. more sedentary than bands.
-horticulture and pastoralism.
-trace lineage from one side of their family.
-bridewealth.
-could have gerontracy.
-sodalities
-lead by bigman. no real position just based off of respect.
-religion could be aninimism, shaminism, sorcery |
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Term
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Definition
formalized centralized political system lead by a chief. intensive agricultre. surplus stored
-slavery
-shaminism common
-human sacrifice potentially
-hierarchically organized: some people will have more rank status or authority. ex. chief is sometimes viewed as godlike.
-redistributional economic system
-have ideologies. |
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Term
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Definition
-autonomous political unit with social clsses and a formal gov.
- even rulers are subject to the law now.
-population control is now in place. via fixing the boundries, estab. of citizenship, and census.
-laws enforced by police powers and military established
-taxes bitch
intensive ag through inventions such as shanduf, plow and metallurgy.
-written records kept.
-market economies and trade networks. merchant class emerges because of this.
-dowries
-can be a closed society
-no seperation b/n church and stat. |
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Term
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Definition
| status is ascribed rather than achieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| taxes etc. found in ag states |
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Term
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Definition
| law enforced by police and overseen judges. |
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Term
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Definition
religions which are confined to a specific area.
ex. egypt greece china and mayans |
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Term
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Definition
believed to apply to all of humanity.
ex. christianity buddhism islam |
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Term
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Definition
-use sophisticated technologies
-factory and office work intro'd.
-urban growth
-market econ
-division of labor becomes more complex (tertiary secondary etc)
-open society
-nuclear family introd
-role of elderly diminshed b/c of written records
- secularized in religion |
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Term
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Definition
| less belief in supernatual. scientific explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| is a result of industrialization and is the emergence of interconnected economies. results in marginilization |
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Term
| primary secondary and tertiary sectors |
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Definition
primary: farmers for raw material extraction.
secondary: factory workers process for consumption
tertiary: business men who provide services |
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Term
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Definition
| key enduring social relationships that provide a foundation for a foundation for regularized patterned social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| time flows in one direction until they reach the end point of progress. thru stages: savagery, barbarism, civilization. these stages progress thru advances in tech. |
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Term
| cultural concept of progress |
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Definition
| progress is a steady advance from life dependent on the whims of nature to controling your environment. |
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Term
| attitudes towards progress |
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Definition
| begin with ethnocentrism saying our culture is best everyone be like us than nostalgic saying the old ways are the best than relativism saying to each his own. |
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