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| Member of the mammalian order Primates, including prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans, defined by a suite of anatomical and behavioral traits. |
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| A change in the frequency of a gene or a trait in a population over multiple generations. |
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| The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework; sometimes called physical anthropology. |
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| A member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, large brain |
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| A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism, produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment. |
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| The study of humankind in a cross-cultural context. Anthropology includes the subfields cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and biological anthropology |
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| The sum total of learned traditions, values, and beliefs that groups of people (and a few species of highly intelligent animals) possess. |
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| The study of the interaction between biology and culture, which plays a role in most human traits. |
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| The study of human societies, especially in a cross-cultural context; the subdivision of anthropology that includes ethnology, archaeology, and linguistics. |
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| The study of human societies, their traditions, rituals, beliefs, and the differences between societies in these traits |
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| The practice of cultural anthropology. Ethnographers study the minute-to-minute workings of human societies, especially non-Western societies. |
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| The study of language, its origins, and use; also called anthropological linguistics |
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| The study of the material culture of past peoples. |
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| The objects, from tools to art, left by earlier generations of people |
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| The objects or artifacts of past human societies. |
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| The study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin. |
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| The study of the skeleton. |
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paleopathology
(Hint:'pale' when your sick you look pale) |
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| The study of diseases in ancestral human populations. |
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forensic anthropology
(Hint: think NCIS) |
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| The study of human remains applied to a legal context. |
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The study of the nonhuman primates and their
anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology |
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| Subfield of biological anthropology dealing with human growth and development, adaptation to environmental extremes, and human genetics. |
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| The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework. |
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A conclusion that follows logically from a set of
observations. |
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| The gathering of scientific information by watching a phenomenon |
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| A preliminary explanation of a phenomenon. Hypothesis formation is the first step of the scientific method. |
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The testing of
a hypothesis. |
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| Standard scientific research procedure in which a hypothesis is stated, data are collected to test it, and the hypothesis is either supported or refuted. |
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| The scientific evidence produced by an experiment or by observation, from which scientific conclusions are made. |
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| Able to be shown to be false. |
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| A conceptual framework useful for understanding a body of evidence. |
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Stasis (or fixity)
lack of change. |
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| The science of biological classification. |
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Definition
| Linnaean naming system for all organisms, consisting of a genus and species label. |
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| A group of organisms assigned to a particular category. |
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| Theory that the same gradual geological process we observe today was operating in the past. |
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Term
| theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| Discredited theory of evolutionary change proposing that changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual, through use or disuse, can be passed on to the next generation. |
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| interspersed by great natural disasters such as Noah’s flood. |
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| The diversification of one founding species into multiple species and niches |
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| Differential reproductive success over multiple generations |
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| An alteration in the DNA that may or may not alter the function of a cell. If it occurs in a gamete, it may be passed from one generation to the next. |
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An interbreeding
group of organisms. |
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| A creationist school of thought that proposes that natural selection cannot account for the diversity and complexity of form and function seen in nature. |
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| A creationist attempt to refute the evidence of evolution. |
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| Genes that contain the information to make a protein |
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Definition
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| regulatory genes Guide the expression of structural genes, without coding for a protein themselves. |
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| An observable or measurable feature of an organism |
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| The genetic makeup of an individual |
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| Refers to the genetic system for one of the proteins found on the surface of red blood cells. Consists of one gene with three alleles: A, B, and O. |
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| In a diploid organism, refers to an allele that must be present in two copies (homozygous) in order to be expressed. |
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| In a diploid organism, an allele that is expressed when present on only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes. |
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Definition
| In a diploid organism, two different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous individual. |
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| The concept of heredity based on the transmission of genes (alleles) according to Mendelian principles. |
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Definition
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| Mendel’s law of segregation |
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Definition
| The two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells. |
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Term
| Mendel’s law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| Genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one another. |
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| An autosomal recessive disease caused by a point mutation in an allele that codes for one of the polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin protein. |
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Definition
| A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the change of a single base to a different base. |
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Definition
Genes that are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked. The closer together two
genes are on a chromosome, the greater the linkage and the less likely they are to be separated during crossing over. |
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Term
| A disease caused by a recessive allele; one copy of the allele must be inherited from each parent for the disease to develop. |
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Definition
| autosomal recessive disease |
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Term
| A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the addition of one or more base pairs in the DNA. |
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Definition
insertion mutation
(its a new to the DNA; it was added) |
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Term
| A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA |
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Definition
deletion mutation
(it gets deleted) |
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Term
| when a family of autosomal dominant diseases that is caused by the insertion of multiple copies of a three-base pair sequence (CAG) that codes for the amino acid glutamine. Typically, the more copies inserted into the gene, the more serious the disease its called... |
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Definition
| trinucleotide repeat diseases |
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Term
| autosomal dominant disease |
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Definition
| A disease that is caused by a dominant allele: Only one copy needs to be inherited from either parent for the disease to develop. |
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Definition
| Genetic conditions that result from mutations to genes on the X chromosome. They are almost always expressed in males, who have only one copy of the X chromosome; in females, the second X chromosome containing the normally functioning allele protects them from developing X-linked disorders. |
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Term
| Phenotypic variation that can be characterized as belonging to discrete, observable categories. |
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Definition
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| Phenotypic variation that is characterized by the distribution of continuous variation (expressed using a numerical measure) within a population (for example, in a bell curve). |
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Definition
quantitative variation
(N numerical measure) |
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| Phenotypic traits that result from the combined action of more than one gene; most complex traits are polygenic. |
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Definition
The phenomenon of a single gene having multiple
phenotypic effects. |
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Definition
| The proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors. |
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| Autosomal recessive condition that leads to the accumulation of large quantities of the amino acid phenylalanine, causing mental retardation and other phenotypic abnormalities. |
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Definition
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Term
Natural selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait
in a population. |
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Definition
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| Selection that maintains a certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it. |
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| Mating between close relatives. |
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Definition
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| Movement of genes between populations. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Random changes in gene frequency in a population. |
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Definition
| A component of genetic drift theory, stating that new populations that become isolated from the parent population carry only the genetic variation of the founders. |
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