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| the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact. |
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| social status that come through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription. |
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| The process by which organisms cope with environmental stresses. |
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| Group uniting all men or women(usually men) born during a certain time span; this group controls property and often has political and military functions. |
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| The active role that individuals play in interpreting, using, making, and remaking culture. |
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| Belief in souls or doubles |
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| The study of human species and its immediate ancestors |
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| The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. |
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| Archaeological Anthropology |
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| The branch of anthropology that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory. |
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| Social status that people have little or no choice about occupying. |
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| The process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that is no longer exists as a separate cultural unit. |
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| Figure often found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists. He occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. |
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| The Branch of Anthropology that studies human biological diversity in time and space--ie: genetics, evolution and primatology. |
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| Form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure. |
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| Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent. |
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| Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality together. |
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| The study of human society and culture; describes, interprets, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences. |
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| The position that values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. |
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| Borrowing between cultures, wither directly or through intermediaries. |
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| The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. |
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| The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance. |
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| Marriage between people of the same social group. |
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| Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from other groups because of this affiliation. |
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| Field work in a particular culture. |
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| The theoretical, comparative study of society and culture; compares culture in time and space. |
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| The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the native's explanations, categories and criteria of significance. |
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| Mating or marrying outside one's kin group; a cultural universal. |
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| Principle that characterizes exchanges between closely related individuals. As social distance increases, reciprocity becomes balanced and finally negative. |
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| Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time. |
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| Development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances. |
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| Intellectual Property Rights |
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Definition
| Each society's cultural base--its core beliefs and principles. essentially a cultural right allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge. |
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| An expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect. |
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| Customs and social actions that operate to reduce differences in wealth and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms. |
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| Use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims. |
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| Superordinate, dominant or controlling groups in social-political hierarchy. |
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| Sacred and impersonal force in Melanesian and Polynesian religions. |
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| Profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. |
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| Subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups have. |
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| A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing and analyzing. |
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| People who use a food producing strategy of adaptation based on a care of herds of domesticated animals. |
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| An organism's evident traits. |
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| A society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization(i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group) and the economic interdependence of those groups. |
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| An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. |
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| Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states and some states with managed economies. |
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| Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. |
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| Culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another. |
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| A part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary people and supernatural beings and forces. |
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| Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states and some states with managed economies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary people and supernatural beings and forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism. |
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