-Individuals are assigned at birth to the ranked social and occupational groups of their parents.

-A person’s place in the social order is relatively fixed; there is little mobility from one caste to another

-Castes are separated from each other by strict rules that forbid intermarriage and other forms of interaction

Class

a number of persons or things regarded as forming a group by reason of common attributes, characteristics, qualities, or traits; kind; sort:

A system of social stratification based on income or possession of wealth and resources. Individual social mobility is possible in a class system.

commodities

expolitative theory of social stratification

an economic organization of society built largely on mechanized industry rather than agriculture, craftsmanship, or commerce.

steam engine; infrastructure; colonialism; slave trade; creation of wealth; urbana migrations; work force; print media;

referring to global Nation-state.  Dividing across world and having a hierarchical relationship with producers and consumers.

Also it refers to the fact that the urban large cities is better off than the rural villages part of Marxism

a social movement grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between people and the loosening of boundaries between countries.

The term was coined in the early 20th century by writer Randolph Bourne to describe a new way of thinking about relationships between cultures.

Proposed by Benedict Anderson in 1983

any form of racism occurring specifically within institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations, and universities  

-Race is a system of social categorization that is hierarchical

-Racism is based on this subjective and arbitrary hierarchy

-Racism reproduces social inequality

-For these reasons, racialized identities, solidarities, and forms of resistance are valid and important

the social manner in which production is organized

“a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.”

hunter-gatherers

classified as horticulture

the technique consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes.

Same as Swidden agriculture; increased sedentarism; pushed people to move less; land’s fertility may be jeopardized;

the agricultural practice of growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without crop rotation through other crops

This usually like a cash crop like corn and wheat.

the production of food and goods through farming led to the development rise of human civilization

Domestification of animals; irrigation; Intensification of labor (terracing); social correlates (Complex social structures and population and environment)--- increased need for regulation, large sedentary population, notion of private land, centralized government, creation of states, increased population density, deforestation, land’s biodiversity decreases, population is fixed or sedetary

traits of poverty gets passed down generations, and therefore they cannot escape it

Ex. criminal behavior, substance abuse, violent behavior etc

"In an anthropological spirit, then, I propose the following definition of the nation: it is an imagined political community - - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign.”; Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism 1983

"It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.”

classes arise when one group controls the means of production;

•  
  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: most influential proponents:
  • Marxian idea of social class: outgrowth of capitalism, not a necessary feature of modern society.
  • Classes arise when a group--a ruling class, landlord, boss--gains control of the means of production
  • Resort to violence for a revolution

Renan defined nationhood as the desire of a people to live together, which he summarized by a famous phrase, "avoir fait de grandes choses ensemble, vouloir en faire encore" (having done great things together and wishing to do more).

an important French theorist who wrote about a variety of topics; said that the nation is a soul; Two things constitute this soul; One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of memories; the other is present-day consent, the desire to live together, the will to perpetuate the value of the heritage that one has received in an undivided form.; A nation is a large-scale solidarity, constituted by the feeling of the sacrifices that one has made in the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future

19^th century doctor who measured skulls. Creator of scientific racism

Viewed brain size as criteria for intelligence
Collected over 6,000 skulls to measure cranial capacity to determine brain size

Concluded that Africans and Native Americans were inferior races
Results feed pro-slavery forces of 19th c
Worked to justify and naturalize inequality along racial and cultural lines

Stephen Jay Gould: The Mismeasure of Man, 1981: Morton’s “scientific” study fudged to reach conclusions that supported socially constructed hierarchy of the day!

Gould’s Findings:
Morton threw out skulls that didn’t fit his theoryMorton worked backward to determine race by size of skull
Morton made selective errors in arithmetic
Morton excluded  smaller Hindu skulls from his ‘white” sample, and included more smaller Inca skulls in his Native sample
Morton didn’t account for dif tween men and women; used mostly female black skulls
Based on findings such as Morton’s, Race becomes a concept that was believed to be biologically determined
Biological determinism suggests that there are distinctive races that can be classified or typed by phenotype or physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, eyes, nose, stature, etc
Also suggests that there are specific and identifiable genetic and biological differences between different races that account for differences in phenotype or appearance.

popularized the Culture of Poverty Theory; a concept that the poor have a unique value system that reproduces their burden of poverty and prohibits them from rising above it; concept blames the victim & reinforces conditions of poverty

The New Colossus