1. kingdom- animalia

2. phylum- chordata

3. class- mammalia

4 order- primates

5 family- hominidae

6 genus- homo

7 species - sapiens

1. forward facing eyes

2. wide binocular field and stereoscopy

3. high visual acuity

4. orbit (eye sockets) surrounded by bone

5 more/larger visual brain areas

6. grasping (prehensile) hands/ divergent thumbs

7. grasping (prehensile) feet/ big toes

8. flattened nails instead of claws

9 large apical pads on tips of digits

10. small litter size

11. long gestation period and infant dependency

features only some primates have that are often attributted to ALL primates

1. reduced olfactory apparatus and poor sense of smell

2. large brain compares to mammals

features shared by all or some primates often inccorectly stated to be unique

1. binocluar vision, stereoscopy and color vision

2. large relative brain size

Developed by Sir Grafton Elliot Smith

Problems

1. Not all arboreal mammals have forward facing eyes

2. Not all arboreal mammals have grasping hands and feet with nails instead of claws.

Arboreality in itself is insufficient to account for evolution of typical primate charisteristics

Theory is incorrect

Visual predation hypothesis

(cartman)

science of naming and classifying organisms or specific scheme of classfication developed by Linneaus

100% faunivorous (eats only other animals)

share some DERIVED features with anthropoids

1. reduced size/complexity of nassal fossa

2. loss of rhinarium

3. retinal fovea

4 disk shape placenta

drevied features include tooth comb and grooming claw

Infraorder: Lorisiformes

subfamily of Galigne and Lorisinae

nocturnal and only in Africa

aroboreal

vertical clinger and leapers

Eats insects, fruits and gums

nocturnal and arboreal in Africa and Asia

slow compared to bushbabies

only primate to have a venomous bite

100% insectivoious

main threat is they are so slow and bikes crush them

Eats ripe fruit, but in most forests not enough food for these guys to be social so most are solo

adult males with cheek flanges (bimaturalism)

loud calls to mark territory

highly arboreal

4 handed

herbaceous veggies (leaves and stem piths)

lowland: more fruit

tool use: walking stick

leaves in harems

knuckle walking

Common chimps

social group - band of related males defend a large area contains smaller female ranges

eats ripe fruit and monkeys

make and use many tools and learns with regional variation aka CULTURE

Bonobo

bipedal when carrying things

social group: group of femals collectively dominate males

females bonds reinforced with sex

sex is currency of bonobo society and occur between all groups

frugivorous - fruit eating

folivorous -leaf eating

insectivorious - insect eating

diurnal - day active

cathemeral - day and night

nocturnal - night active

from order of Anthropoidea

dental formula 2.1-3.3

nostrils face laterally

no bony ear tube

order Anthropodea

Dental formula 2.1-2.3

bony ear tube

down facing nostrils

dimorphic

arboreal and terrestial

under 500g - insectivore

over 500 g - folivore

across sizes - frugivore supplemented with small insects and large leaves

small body is high metabolsim and requires quality

big body is lower metabolism and quality is flexible

study of how primates interact with their environment

most primates live in tropical habitats

within tropics diverse range of primate habitats

key factor: average annual temp higher in tropics

most primates hate cold

only tropical habitat not occupied

niche ecological role of a species within a larger communication of organisms

most competition for resources is between own species

niches can overlap when food is abundant but discrete in times of food society

if two species with similar niches living in a smilar habitat one or both will shift niche to avoid competition

no two species that occupy the same niche can coexist over time

one species will outcompete the other

in order to coexist in the same habitat, they must differ in their niche to avoid competition

Corollaries: often strongest competitors are closest phyletic relatives

in areas where range doesn't overlap they change niche

niche expansion follow the removal of a constraining variable

1. locomation - influence what resource you have access to

2. what part of your habitat do you occupy

3.diet - what an animal eats

in general females need more food due to pregnancy and lactation

4. activity pattern - when you are awake?

5. life history/reproduction: lifespan r-selected (animals fast reproduce) vs k-selected (kess kids longer for adulthood)

6. how much space do you use/need/defend?

the home range

defend resources and defend mates

defend resources when its scarced and clumped

Premise 1: females need more food than male due to energetic costs of pregnancy and lactation; food is the limiting resource for females

Premise 2: females are the limiting resource for males. Both premises related to reproduction

Corollary: Males will try to dominate female attention in order to exclude other males from mating opportunities

females associate with familar male to prevent harassment from other means

infanticide very common in primates because kids take a long time to mature

females mate with infanticidal male

describes the effects of male female differences in reproductive biology on social behaviior

everything stemming from asymmetry in required parental investment by male and females

primates live in groups to have better access to food

large groups can displace small groups at clumped resources like food trees

solitary no competition for food, but might need social group to win food

shared knowledge of food resources

may contribute to foraging efficiency